Table 1.
Herb-derived products with an antisenescence role on animal senescent cells.
| Herb name | Studied cells | Animal source | Treatment dose | Time exposure | Senescence inducers (dose of exposure) | Treatment (pre-, post-, and coinducer) | Effects on recovered cells | Effects on animals or cells in animals after treatment | Ref. number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acorus tatarinowii | Hippocampus-resident NPCs after animal treatment NPCs recovered by the hippocampus |
C57BL/6 mice (8-month-old AD and 18-23-month-old mice) C57BL/6 mice (6- to 8-weeks old) |
100 μL/day (animals) 1 mg/mL (cells) |
28 days (animals) 24 hours (cells) |
Absent | / | Enhanced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; unaffected NPC lineage commitment | Enhanced neurogenesis and retarded deficits of NPC proliferation both in aged and in AD model mice | [123] |
|
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| Elaeocarpus sylvestris | Spleen-resident HSCs after animal treatment | C57BL/6 mice (8–11 months old) | 25 mg/kg/day (animals) | Unknown | X-ray (1.5 Gy/min) | Pre-, post-, and cotreatment | / | Enhanced mouse survival; recovered spleen size; inhibited immune suppression; enhanced cell regeneration and proliferation in the spleen | [88] |
|
| |||||||||
| Fuzhisan | Brain-resident NPCs after animal treatment | SAMP-8 mice | Up to 4.8 g/kg/day (animals) | 30 days (animals) | Absent | / | Stimulated neurogenesis in SGZ and SVZ; increased proliferation of NPCs in the SGZ; increased long-term survival of newborn cells in hippocampal DG; stimulated neuronal differentiation in DG | [124] | |
|
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| Ginkgo biloba | NSCs recovered by cochlea | Early postnatal BALB/c mice | 50 mg/L (cells) | 12-24-36 hours (cells) | H2O2 (0.25 μM) | Cotreatment | Promoted cell viability; attenuated oxidative stress; prevented mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis; enhanced the spontaneous calcium oscillations in NSC-differentiated neural networks | / | [140] |
|
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| Ginkgo biloba | Hippocampus-resident NSCs after animal treatment | Mice (24 months old) | 100 mg/kg/day (animals) | 28 days (animals) | Absent | / | / | Decreased number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampal DG; increased number of SC pool and cell proliferation in the SGZ of the hippocampal DG; increased cell differentiation and maturation of newborn neurons and neuroblasts in the hippocampus | [138] |
|
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| HuangDiSan | Exogenous NSCs transplanted in the hippocampus after 15 days of animal treatment | SAMP8 mice | 0.2 mL/day (animals) | 30 days, with a day off (animals) | Absent | / | / | Improved learning, memory impairment, and behavioral function; promoted proliferation, migration, and differentiation of transplanted NSCs; improved synaptophysin mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus | [110] |
|
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| NT-020 | Hippocampus-resident NSCs after animal treatment | Fischer rats (20 months old) | 135 mg/kg/day (animals) | 4 weeks (animals) | Absent | / | / | Improved cognitive function with optimization of spatial memory performance; increased proliferation and neurogenesis in SGZ of the hippocampal DG; decreased MHC class II-expressing cells | [122] |
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| PMC-12 | Hippocampus-resident NPCs after animal treatment | C57BL/6 mice (5 weeks old) | 100 or 500 mg/kg/day (animals) | 2 weeks (animals) | Absent | / | / | Reduced latency times; increased cell proliferation; increased survival of newly generated cells in the DG; increased levels of BDNF, p-CREB, and synaptophysin associated with neural plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis | [112] |
|
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| Rehmannia glutinosa | HSCs recovered from animal after treatment | C57BL/6J mice (10 months old) | 200 mg/day (animals) | 10 months (animals) | Absent | / | Decreased cell numbers; increased cell proliferation capacity; maintained cell quiescence with upregulation of p18; decreased number of SA-β-Gal+cells; decreased ROS levels with downregulation of p53 and p16 | Maintained body weight; increased animal lifespan | [103] |
|
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| Siraitia grosuenorii | HSCs recovered from animal after treatment | C57BL/6J mice (10 months old) | 200 mg/day (animals) | 10 months (animals) | Absent | / | Increased telomere length; increased cell proliferation capacity; maintained cell quiescence; decreased number of SA-β-Gal+cells; decreased ROS levels with downregulation of p21, p53, and p16 | Decreased senescence; increased slightly the body mass; slightly increased animal lifespan | [102] |
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| Yokukansan | Brain-resident NSCs after animal treatment | Rats (21 months old) | Concentration of 3% (w/w) with food pellets (animals) | 3 months (animals) | Absent | / | / | Decreased the age-related increase in aggrecan expression throughout the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus; increased cell proliferation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus; increased migration of NSCs/NPCs | [132] |
Herb-derived products are shown in alphabetical order. AD: Alzheimer's disease; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DG: dentate gyrus; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; NPCs: neural progenitor cells; NSCs: neural stem cells; p16: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1; p18: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C; p21: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; p53: tumor protein p53; p-CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; PMC-12: Polygonum Multiflorum Thunberg Complex Composition-12; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SA-β-Gal: senescence-associated β-galactosidase; SAMP-8: senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8; SCs: stem cells; SGZ: subgranular zone; SVZ: subventricular zone.