Table 2.

Herb-derived products with an antisenescence role on human ex vivo cultured tissue-derived SCs.

Herb name	Studied cells	Treatment dose	Time exposure	Senescence inducers (dose/time)	Treatment (pre-, post-, and coinducer)	Effects on cells	Ref. number
Andrographis paniculata	EpSCs	1-10-30 μg/mL	24 or 72 hours	Absent	/	Increase in cell proliferation through the expression of Integrin β1 and VEGF	[147]
Cirsium setidens	ASCs	100 μg/mL	30 minutes	H2O2 (200 μM/15-30-60-120 minutes or 8 hours)	Pre-treatment	Suppression of H2O2-induced cell damage by modulating the oxidative stress signaling pathways and by inhibiting the apoptosis-related signaling pathways	[69]
Dhanwantharam kashaya	WJMSCs	10 μg/mL	12-24-48 hours	Absent	/	Enhancement of cell viability and proliferation; maintenance of SC features; delay in the onset of replicative senescence	[154]
DHJST Ligusticum chuanxiong	BMSCs	3-6 μg/mL 1-3 μg/mL	2 or 5 weeks	Absent	/	Enhancement of hMSC osteogenesis Reduction of replicative senescence	[158]
Ginkgo biloba	EPCs	10-25-50 mg/L	24 hours, 1 week, or 10 days	Absent	/	Increase in cell proliferation; delay in the onset of replicative senescence by increasing telomerase activity through the activation of PI3k/Akt signaling pathway	[141]
Myrtle	ASCs	0.5 mg/mL	12-24-48 hours	H2O2 (100 μM/1 hour)	Pre-treatment	Decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation; reduction of oxidative stress-induced senescence; increase in the expression of pluripotency-related genes	[161]
Myrtle	ASCs	0.5 mg/mL	12-24-48 hours	H2O2 (100 μM/1 hour)	Pre-treatment	Decrease in the number of SA-β-Gal-positive cells; decrease in the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes; upregulation of TERT and c-Myc gene expression	[162]
Tianshengyuan-1	HSCs	31.2-62.5 μg/mL	24 hours	Absent	/	Increase in telomerase activity through the epigenetic regulation of TERT promoter region; decrease in the number of SA-β-Gal-positive cells	[164]
Tinospora cordifolia Withania somnifera	WJMSCs	10 μg/mL 5 μg/mL	24-48 hours	Absent	/	Enhancement of cell proliferation and viability; inhibition of cell apoptosis; delay in the onset of replicative senescence	[170]
Undaria pinnatifida	BMSCs	5 μg/mL	24 hours	H2O2 (1 mM/1 hour)	Pre-treatment	Protection against oxidative stress in H2O2-treated cells; reduction of replicative senescence in long-term expansion cell culture by modulating ROS production; improving in differentiation potential in long-cultured cells	[172]

Herb-derived products are shown in alphabetical order. ASCs: adipose-derived stem cells; Akt: serine/threonine kinase 1; BMSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; c-Myc: MYC protooncogene, bHLH transcription factor; DHJST: Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; EpSCs: epidermal stem cells; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; MSCs: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; PI3k: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SA-β-Gal: senescence-associated β-galactosidase; SCs: stem cells; TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; WJMSCs: Wharton's jelly MSCs.