Table. Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | Children with ADHD (n = 26) | TDC participants (n = 25) | t Value | Cohen d value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 11.61 (2.53) | 11.22 (2.75) | 0.53 | 0.15 | .51 |
| Mean (SD) Conner-3 T-scorea | |||||
| Inattention | 75.69 (11.40) | 55.56 (8.97) | 7.04 | 1.96 | <.001 |
| Hyperactivity | 78.81 (11.67) | 53.81 (8.23) | 8.88 | 2.48 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) GABA concentration, mM | 2.45 (0.34) | 2.49 (0.26) | –0.49 | 0.13 | .63 |
| Mean (SD) glutamate concentration, mM | 9.37 (1.29) | 9.43 (1.06) | –0.17 | 0.13 | .87 |
| Mean (SD) Glx, mM | 11.59 (3.11) | 11.18 (1.43) | 0.60 | 0.17 | .55 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Conner-3, third edition of Conners manual that assesses cognitive, behavioral, and emotions problems; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamine and glutamate; TDC, typically developing control.
a
The mean (SD) T-score on the Conners-3 rating scale is 50 (10). T-scores higher than 70 indicate clinically significant concerns.