Table 2.

Lessons learned from landmark publications from 2009 to 2014.

Author (year)	Study design	Theme	Disease	Lesson learned
Broens (2007) [21]a	Qualitative literature review	Implementation	N/Ab	Determinants of successful implementation and scale-up of telemedicine programs. Important determinants of telemedicine programs include (1) technology, (2) acceptance, (3) financing, (4) organization, and (5) policy and legislation.
Schwamm et al (2004) [13]	Retrospective	Feasibility	Stroke	Telestroke consultation via videoconferencing improved care in 95% of the cases.
Silva et al (2012) [16]a	Cross-sectional survey	Barriers and facilitators	Stroke	Status of telestroke in the United States. The top 3 clinical needs met by telestroke were emergency department consultation (100%), patient triage (83.8%), and inpatient teleconsultation (46.0%).
Kahn et al (2011) [15]a	Working group statement	Guidelines	Intensive care	This working group meeting was convened to address methodological and knowledge gaps in the field. It proposed adoption of a common framework to facilitate standardized conduct of telemedicine studies in the ICUc.
Audebert et al (2005) [18]	Retrospective	Feasibility	Stroke	Telemedicine provided a cost-effective method to recommend use of thrombolysis among patients presenting with stroke in rural regions.
Lilly et al (2011) [14]a	Prospective stepped-wedge clinical trial	Effectiveness	Intensive care	Implementation of a tele-ICU intervention was associated with reduced adjusted odds of mortality and reduced length of hospital stay, as well as with changes in best-practice adherence and lower rates of preventable complications.
May et al (2003) [20]	Qualitative study	Implementation	N/A	Complexity exists at 4 discrete levels in any given telehealth context: implementation, adoption, translation, and stabilization. This complexity is often underestimated, leading to failed scale-ups.
Sood et al (2007) [10]a	Literature review	Theoretical underpinnings	N/A	Defined modern telemedicine after a careful review of 104 publications.
Audebert et al 2006 [17]	Prospective	Feasibility	Stroke	The telestroke concept promises better coverage of systemic thrombolysis in nonurban areas.
Audebert et al 2006 [19]a	Nonrandomized clinical trial	Trial	Stroke	Treatment in rural hospitals independently reduced the probability of a poor outcome compared with controls.

^aPurple nodes in Figure 7 representing seminal work in the area of telemedicine.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cICU: intensive care unit.