Table 3.

Results from simulation scenario 3: continuous outcome, complex treatment, many covariates. The true average causal effect was ψ = 1.503. IPTW and TMLE use a misspecified propensity score. TMLE uses SuperLearner for the outcome model. BART is causal inference proposed by Hill (2011). EDP is the proposed approach. Bias is the absolute bias, ESD is the empirical standard deviation, and Coverage and CI width are the empirical coverage and width of 95% interval estimates. Results are from 1000 simulated datasets.

Method	Bias	Coverage	ESD	CI width
	n = 1000
IPTW	0.25	0.91	0.23	1.10
TMLE	0.10	0.90	0.21	0.76
BART	0.03	0.93	0.18	0.69
EDP	0.04	0.89	0.23	0.72
	n = 3000
IPTW	0.27	0.60	0.13	0.61
TMLE	0.10	0.84	0.12	0.43
BART	0.04	0.91	0.11	0.40
EDP	0.06	0.90	0.11	0.41