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. 2020 Sep 28;117(41):25840–25850. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2011828117

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7.

Low dose chronic exposure reduces visual acuity and affects behavior. (A) Characterization of ERGs of animals exposed to imidacloprid for 1, 10, and 20 d. Red arrowheads indicate the on-transient signal and dashed red line the amplitude, both of which are reduced in exposed flies. (B) Amplitude of ERGs after 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d of exposure to imidacloprid (n = 8 to 10 adult flies/time point/treatment). (C) On-transient signal of ERGs after 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d of exposure to imidacloprid (n = 8 to 10 adult flies/time point/treatment). (D) Bang sensitivity of adults at 1, 10, and 20 d of exposure. Recovery time after 10 s vortexing at maximum speed was recorded in seconds for each fly (n = 100 adult flies/time point/treatment). (E) Percentage of adult flies that failed the climbing assay at 1, 10, and 20 d of exposure (n = 100 adult flies/time point/treatment). Flies exposed to the same doses of imidacloprid in media supplemented with 75 µg/L of NACA show a significant improvement in climbing ability after 10 and 20 d of exposure. Error bars in B and C represent mean ± SD B and C, t test; D and E, Wilcoxon test; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.