Table 5.

Baseline patient participant demographic and clinical characteristics (beta-study) (n = 38)

Characteristic	Combined (n = 38)	PainAPP (n = 30)	Control (n = 8)
Mean age, years (range)	56.5 (22–80)	56.9 (22–75)	55 (41–80)
Gender, n (%)
Male	12 (31.6)	9 (30.0)	3 (37.5)
Female	26 (68.4)	21 (70.0)	5 (62.5)
Race, n (%)
White/Caucasian	32 (84.2)	25 (83.3)	7 (87.5)
Black or African American	2 (5.3)	2 (6.7)	0
Latino or Hispanic	2 (5.3)	1 (3.3)	1 (12.5)
Native American or Alaska Native	2 (5.3)	2 (6.7)	0
Other	0	0	0
Education, n (%)
High school graduate or GED	6 (15.8)	5 (16.7)	1 (12.5)
Some college or 2-year college or technical school	10 (26.3)	7 (23.3)	3 (37.5)
4-year college graduate	10 (26.3)	7 (23.3)	3 (37.5)
More than 4-year college degree	12 (31.6)	11 (36.7)	1 (12.5)
Primary cause of chronic pain (%)
Back pain	14 (36.8)	13 (43.3)	1 (12.5)
Fibromyalgia	6 (15.8)	4 (13.3)	2 (25.0)
Neck pain	4 (10.5)	4 (13,3)	0
Nerve pain	4 (10.5)	3 (10.0)	1 (12.5)
Other musculo-skeletal	8 (21.1)	5 (16.7)	3 (37.5)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome	1 (2.6)	0	1 (12.5)
Other	1 (2.6)	1 (3.3)	0
Years with chronic pain, Mean (SD; range)	17.53 (12.13; 2–50)	17.45 (13.0; 2–50)	16.13 (8.2; 8–30
Past alcohol or drug problem, n (%)	6 (15.8)	5 (16.7)	1 (12.5)
Current daily tobacco use	8 (21.1)	7 (23.3)	1 (12.5)
Use of opioid medications, n (%)
Yes, currently	17 (44.7)	13 (43.3)	4 (50.0)
Yes, in past but not now	12 (31.6)	10 (33.3)	2 (25.0)
No	9 (23.7)	7 (23.3)	2 (25.0)
Overall health (self-reported)
Excellent	0	0	0
Very good	11 (9.0)	9 (30.0)	2 (25.0)
Good	15 (39.5)	12 (40.0)	3 (37.5)
Fair	12 (31.6)	9 (30.0)	3 (37.5)
Poor	0	0	0
Overall mental or emotional health (self-reported)
Excellent	4 (10.5)	4 (13.3)	0
Very good	9 (23.7)	6 (20.0)	3 (37.5)
Good	13 (34.2)	13 (43.3)	0
Fair	8 (21.1)	5 (16.7)	3 (37.5)
Poor	4 (10.5)	2 (6.7)	2 (25.0)