Table 1.

Pathogen inhibition by select HMOs in in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies

Pathogen	HMO tested	Reference
Norwalk virus	Fucosylated oligosaccharides	(Ruvoën-clouet et al. 2006)
Campylobacter jejuni		(Morrow et al. 2004, Ruiz-Palacios et al. 2003)
Vibrio cholera		(Ruiz-Palacios et al. 2003)
Escherichia coli (heat-stable enterotoxin)		(Newburg et al. 1990, Newburg et al. 2004b)
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Sialyllactose	(Leach et al. 2005)
Cholera toxin		(Idota et al. 1995)
E. coli		(Virkola et al. 1993)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa		(Devaraj et al. 1994)
Aspergillus fumigates conidia		(Bouchara et al. 1997)
Influenza virus		(Gambaryan et al. 1997, Matrosovich et al. 1993)
Polymavirus		(Stehle et al. 1994)
Helicobacter pylori		(Mysore et al. 1999)
HIV-1	Oligosaccharides	(Hong et al. 2009
Streptococcus pneumoniae		(Andersson et al. 1986, Idänpään-Heikkilä et al. 1997)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)		(Cravioto et al. 1991)
Haemophilius influenzae		(Idänpään-Heikkilä et al. 1997)