Table 1.

A Summary of Cases Diagnosed as MIRM in the Literature

Patient Age	Patient Sex	Systemic Features	Mucocutaneous Features	Treatment	Outcome	Reference
46	Male	Atypical pneumonia	Mucositis, conjunctivitis	Azithromycin, systemic corticosteroids, supportive care, gentamicin/ dexamethasone eye drops	Complete recovery	Zao et al [19]
12	Female	Sore throat, cough, fever	Oral lesions with mucosal sloughing, conjunctivitis, vesicular rash	Azithromycin, acyclovir, IVIG, supportive care	Recovered and re-presented 3 years later with similar symptoms and PCR positive for Chlamydophila pneumoniae	Brazel et al [20]
8	Female	Cough and dyspnea 1 week prior, fever	Oral, ocular and vulvar mucositis, mild rash <1% BSA (some atypical targetoid papules)	Levofloxacin, IVIG, supportive care	Gradual improvement followed by recurrence of mucositis 9 months later with positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 2 years later with influenza B	Mazori et al [11]
13	Male	Fevers, arthralgias, nonproductive cough, rhinorrhea	Pustules, targetoid lesions, pruritis, burning, macules on buccal mucosa, conjunctivitis	Systemic and topical corticosteroids, doxycycline	Significant improvement within 2 days of doxycycline	Chao et al [13]
13	Female	Rhinitis, cough,	Erosive oral and genital lesions, conjunctivitis, no cutaneous lesions	Azithromycin later changed to doxycycline, cyclosporine, supportive care	Had a past history of MIRM before this episode, near complete resolution after 6 days of treatment	Li et al [14]
14	Female	Sore throat, cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, malaise, diplopia, headache, nausea, vomiting	Oral and vaginal erosions, conjunctivitis	Cyclosporine, azithromycin, supportive care	Complete resolution of oral lesions by 1 week after hospital discharge	Li et al [14]
4	Male	Cough, wheezing, fever	Mucositis, erythematous papules with central hemorrhagic crusts as well as targetoid papulovesicles as rash, conjunctivitis	Cyclosporine, azithromycin, supportive care	Near complete resolution after 7 hospital days	Li et al [14]
20	Male	Fevers, leukocytosis	Conjunctivitis, oral ulcerations	Azithromycin, IV methylprednisolone transitioned to oral, supportive care	Full recovery in 10 days	Kheiri et al [21]
10	Male	Self-limited fever and cough 1 week prior	Ulcerative and hemorrhagic oral ulcers, mild serpiginous eruption on skin	Systemic steroids, clarithromycin, supportive care	Complete resolution in 1 week	Poddighe et al [15]
11	Male	Low grade fever, cough, atypical pneumonia	Oral ulcers, conjunctivitis, hemorrhagic crusts of nasal mucosa, genital skin sloughing, no rash	Azithromycin, systemic steroids, supportive care	Not noted	Bowling et al [22]
15	Male	Fever, decreased appetite 10 days prior, cough, diarrhea, atypical opacities on chest x-ray	Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, diffuse oral and pharyngeal erosions, crust at urethra, rare papulovesicles on skin	Azithromycin, supportive care	Gradual improvement over days	Curtiss et al [16]
6	Male	Fever, cough, rhinorrhea, atypical pneumonia	Severe mucositis (oral and penile), small blisters on arms and legs, conjunctivitis	Clarithromycin	Full recover after 1 week	Chowdhury [23]
8	Male	Cough, fever, ill-defined opacity on chest x-ray, leukocytosis	Oral erosions, erythema and swelling of penis, scattered erythematous papules and targetoid lesions, conjunctivitis	Ocular care, supportive care, IVIG, clarithromycin	Improved and discharged in 8 days	Santos et al [17]
42	Male	Upper respiratory illness	Conjunctivitis, oral and genital erosions, atypical targetoid papules and plaques	Azithromycin, supportive care	Previous history of similar illness as a child, resolution after 1 month with continued oral pain and phimosis	Song et al [18]
15	Male	Fever, dry cough	Conjunctivitis, oral erosions, targetoid papules and vesicles on skin	Azithromycin, IVIG	Slow improvement over 1 month with recurrence that resolved with azithromycin, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation	Song et al [18]
18	Male	Fever, sore throat, cough	Conjunctival injection, targetoid vesicles on face, torso, and penis, and mucositis over lips and buccal mucosa	Azithromycin, systemic prednisone	Improved at 14-day follow up with only a few shallow erosions remaining in mouth	Sandhu et al [24]

Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; IV, intravenous; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MIRM, M pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.