Table 3.

Effects of dietary ZnONPs supplementation and temperature on the fold changes in the expression of genes in the duodenum of broiler chickens at 42 d of age

Diet1	Temperature2	n	Ghrelin	CCK	HSP 70	HSP 90
Interaction effects
Control	HS	6	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
Control	Normal	6	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40	Heat stress	6	1.64b ± 0.38	13.0 ± 8.29	1.75b ± 0.21	2.42 ± 0.73
ZnONPs 40	Normal	6	1.92b ± 0.39	5.64 ± 0.59	1.62b ± 0.31	2.33 ± 0.54
ZnONPs 60	Heat stress	6	2.23b ± 0.33	5.74 ± 1.95	25.59a ± 8.35	2.72 ± 0.53
ZnONPs 60	Normal	6	5.43a ± 0.48	4.04 ± 0.45	2.64b ± 0.34	1.38 ± 0.12
ZnONPs 100	Heat stress	6	4.78a ± 0.88	2.01 ± 0.49	25.6a ± 11.7	3.97 ± 1.53
ZnONPs 100	Normal	6	4.29a ± 0.89	4.96 ± 0.69	3.76b ± 0.79	5.13 ± 2.43
Main effects
Control		12	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40		12	1.78 ± 0.26	9.34 ± 4.12	1.69 ± 0.18	2.38ab ± 0.43
ZnONPs 60		12	3.83 ± 0.56	4.89 ± 0.99	14.1 ± 5.28	2.05b ± 0.33
ZnONPs 100		12	4.54 ± 0.60	3.48 ± 0.60	14.7 ± 6.49	4.55a ± 1.38
	HS	24	2.41 ± 0.38	5.45 ± 2.22	13.49 ± 4.19	2.53 ± 0.47
	Normal	24	3.16 ± 0.45	3.91 ± 0.44	2.26 ± 0.31	2.46 ± 0.67
ANOVA (P-value)
Diet			<0.0001	0.0616	0.0092	0.0178
Temp			0.0516	0.4783	0.0034	0.9332
Diet × Temp			0.0048	0.3908	0.0330	0.7256

¹Control, basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide; ZnONPs 40, basal diet containing 40 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 60 basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 100 basal diet containing 100 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles.

²Equal numbers of chickens from each diet were subjected to either 23 ± 1°C throughout (normal temperature) or 34 ± 1 °C for 6 h per day (HS) from 22 to 42 d of age.

^a,bMeans within a column-subgroup with no common superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.