Table 4.

Effects of dietary ZnONPs supplementation and temperature on the fold changes in the expression of genes in the jejunum of broiler chickens at 42 d of age

Diet1	Temperature2	n	Ghrelin	CCK	HSP 70	HSP 90
Interaction effects
Control	HS	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
Control	Normal	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40	HS	6	2.51 ± 0.73	4.83 ± 1.29	1.34 ± 0.23	5.54 ± 2.33
ZnONPs 40	Normal	6	14.3 ± 8.89	3.41 ± 0.49	2.23 ± 0.27	1.72 ± 0.31
ZnONPs 60	HS	6	1.70 ± 0.44	1.64 ± 3.43	2.12 ± 0.84	3.08 ± 0.57
ZnONPs 60	Normal	6	4.53 ± 1.11	4.20 ± 0.64	4.18 ± 1.04	2.54 ± 0.37
ZnONPs 100	HS	6	2.05 ± 0.59	1.92 ± 0.39	3.29 ± 1.15	2.10 ± 0.31
ZnONPs 100	Normal	6	1.89 ± 0.49	4.19 ± 0.63	5.23 ± 0.41	2.89 ± 0.48
Main effects
Control		12	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40		12	8.40 ± 4.61	3.05 ± 0.67	1.78b ± 0.22	3.63a ± 1.26
ZnONPs 60		12	3.12 ± 0.71	4.49 ± 1.67	3.15a ± 0.71	2.81ab ± 0.33
ZnONPs 100		12	1.97 ± 0.37	3.23 ± 0.46	4.26a ± 0.65	2.49ab ± 0.29
	HS	24	1.82 ± 0.27	2.69 ± 0.91	1.94b ± 0.38	2.93 ± 0.66
	Normal	24	5.43 ± 2.36	3.20 ± 0.36	3.16a ± 0.44	2.04 ± 0.22
ANOVA (P-value)
Diet			0.1107	0.0939	<0.0001	0.0387
Temp			0.1177	0.5935	0.0115	0.1627
Diet × Temp			0.2173	0.8132	0.3572	0.0643

¹Control, basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide; ZnONPs 40, basal diet containing 40 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 60 basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 100 basal diet containing 100 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles.

²Equal numbers of chickens from each diet were subjected to either 23 ± 1 °C throughout (normal temperature) or 34 ± 1 °C for 6 h per day HS from 22 to 42 d of age.

^a,bMeans within a column-subgroup with no common superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.