Table 5.

Effects of dietary ZnONPs supplementation and temperature on the fold changes in the expression of genes in the ileum of broiler chickens at 42 d of age

Diet1	Temperature2	n	Ghrelin	CCK	HSP 70	HSP 90
Interaction effects
Control	HS	6	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00c ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
Control	Normal	6	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00c ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40	HS	6	1.33b ± 0.15	4.93a ± 1.19	2.45 ± 0.76	2.91 ± 0.66
ZnONPs 40	Normal	6	3.41b ± 0.19	2.63b ± 0.37	2.46 ± 0.52	2.69 ± 0.43
ZnONPs 60	HS	6	2.11b ± 0.09	1.50bc ± 0.18	6.21 ± 1.18	2.23 ± 0.68
ZnONPs 60	Normal	6	1.22b ± 0.14	2.79b ± 0.07	4.11 ± 0.55	1.63 ± 0.21
ZnONPs 100	HS	6	3.03b ± 0.76	1.65bc ± 0.33	1.85 ± 0.35	3.36 ± 1.71
ZnONPs 100	Normal	6	12.3a ± 3.48	1.74bc ± 0.27	2.86 ± 0.36	1.24 ± 0.09
Main effects
Control		12	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00c ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40		12	2.37 ± 0.65	3.78 ± 0.69	2.46b ±0.44	2.79a ± 0.38
ZnONPs 60		12	1.66 ± 0.16	2.14 ± 0.22	5.16a ±0.69	1.93ab ± 0.35
ZnONPs 100		12	7.65 ± 2.19	1.69 ± 0.20	2.36b ±0.28	2.20ab ± 0.80
	HS	24	1.87 ± 0.24	2.27 ± 0.44	2.88 ± 0.54	2.33 ± 0.45
	Normal	24	4.47 ± 1.29	2.04 ± 0.18	2.61 ± 0.30	1.64 ± 0.18
ANOVA (P-value)
Diet			<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0468
Temp			0.0084	0.4956	0.5247	0.1114
Diet × Temp			0.0018	0.0047	0.0760	0.3677

¹Control, basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide; ZnONPs 40, basal diet containing 40 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 60 basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 100 basal diet containing 100 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles.

²Equal numbers of chickens from each diet were subjected to either 23 ± 1 °C throughout (normal temperature) or 34 ± 1 °C for 6 h per day HS from 22 to 42 d of age.

^a,b,cMeans within a column-subgroup with no common superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.