Table 6.

Effects of dietary ZnONPs supplementation and temperature on the fold changes in the expression of genes in the glandular stomach of broiler chickens at 42 d of age

Diet1	Temperature2	n	Ghrelin	CCK	HSP 70	HSP 90
Interaction effects
Control	HS	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00c ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00
Control	Normal	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00c ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00b ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40	HS	6	2.43 ± 0.31	1.58c ± 0.23	2.90 ± 0.71	2.34b ± 0.62
ZnONPs 40	Normal	6	7.78 ± 3.26	7.11a ± 2.47	5.48 ± 0.53	3.02b ± 0.28
ZnONPs 60	HS	6	1.99 ± 0.63	5.60ab ± 0.84	2.16 ± 0.92	7.51a ± 1.28
ZnONPs 60	Normal	6	2.36 ± 1.18	5.90ab ± 1.31	4.96 ± 0.55	1.85b ± 0.34
ZnONPs 100	HS	6	6.12 ± 1.37	2.88bc ± 0.98	6.19 ± 4.31	3.45b ± 1.22
ZnONPs 100	Normal	6	4.58 ± 0.87	4.70ab ± 1.22	3.86 ± 0.44	3.43b ± 1.39
Main effects
Control		12	1.00b ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
ZnONPs 40		12	5.11a ± 1.76	3.43 ± 1.17	4.19 ± 0.57	2.68 ± 0.34
ZnONPs 60		12	2.17 b ± 0.64	5.68 ± 0.67	3.56 ± 0.66	4.68 ± 1.06
ZnONPs 100		12	5.35a ± 0.81	3.79 ± 0.79	5.03 ± 2.09	4.44 ± 0.88
	HS	24	2.89 ± 0.54	2.77 ± 0.48	3.07 ± 1.12	3.58 ± 0.68
	Normal	24	3.93 ± 0.99	3.96 ± 0.81	3.82 ± 0.42	2.33 ± 0.39
ANOVA (P-value)
Diet			0.0053	0.0002	0.0889	0.0009
Temp			0.2890	0.0088	0.5098	0.0412
Diet × Temp			0.0864	0.0319	0.3476	0.0014

¹Control, basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide; ZnONPs 40, basal diet containing 40 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 60 basal diet containing 60 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs 100 basal diet containing 100 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles.

²Equal numbers of chickens from each diet were subjected to either 23 ± 1 °C throughout (normal temperature) or 34 ± 1 °C for 6 h per day HS from 22 to 42 d of age.

^a,b,cMeans within a column-subgroup with no common superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.