Table 3.
Different variables and their associations with the hospital mortality of COVID-19 in the bivariate analysis, 2020.
| Characteristics | Mean (SD) | Odds ratio (95% CI OR) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Male (%) | 51.59 (13.68) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.06 |
| Mean age* | 54.16 (12.33) | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | <0.001 |
| Signs, symptoms, and related morbidities | |||
| Fever | 68.48 (23.40) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.47 |
| Cough | 58.37 (18.16) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.79 |
| Hemoptysis | 2.29 (1.96) | 3.71 (0.23–61.05) | 0.36 |
| Throat pain (Pharyngalgia) | 22.33 (16.15) | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Diarrhea | 16.47 (12.56) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 0.34 |
| Nausea | 11.45 (9.06) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.34 |
| Vomiting | 8.11 (6.72) | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | 0.16 |
| Abdominal pain | 9.37 (12.58) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.57 |
| Dizziness | 9.82 (14.91) | 1.02 (0.68–1.55) | 0.93 |
| Headache | 22.19 (20.83) | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.18 |
| Myalgia | 22.58 (18.32) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.07 |
| Malaise (Fatigue)(Asthenia) | 36.84 (22.72) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.36 |
| Chest pain | 9.41 (8.33) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.71 |
| Dyspnea | 37.40 (25.46) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.06 |
| Sputum expectoration | 23.00 (11.48) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.49 |
| Nose discharge | 24.25 (19.29) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.99 |
| Nasal obstruction | 32.09 (22.77) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.65 |
| ARDS | 39.68 (30.85) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.64 |
| Shock | 25.55 (1.59) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.73 |
| Cardiac involvement | 24.57 (24.92) | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 0.75 |
| Abnormal liver function | 18.48 (15.80) | 0.94 (0.64–1.39) | 0.76 |
| Acute kidney injury | 14.60 (16.62) | 2.40 (0.65–8.85) | 0.19 |
| Pneumothorax | 1.91 (1.90) | 0.92 (0.34–2.45) | >0.9 |
| Asymptomatic | 11.77 (11.77) | 2.34 (0.03–170.73) | 0.70 |
| Laboratory findings and vital signs | |||
| Hyperglycemia | 33.91 (1.00) | - | >0.9 |
| Lymphopenia | 54.37 (20.51) | 1.09 (0.95–1.24) | 0.22 |
| Elevated CRP | 72.57 (43.47) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.48 |
| Elevated d-dimer | 33.13 (30.83) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.77 |
| Heart rate (average) | 89.72 (4.49) | 1.12 (0.73–1.72) | 0.60 |
| Respiratory rate | 21.46 (2.43) | 1.18 (0.59–2.37) | 0.64 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 93.16 (4.00) | 1.24 (0.00–0.00) | 0.99 |
| SpO2 | 95.09 (1.59) | - | 0.99 |
| Imaging studies | |||
| Chest CT changes | 87.44 (14.67) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.94 |
| Chest XR changes | 67.09 (29.70) | 5.06 (0.00–0.00) | 0.99 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| COPD | 5.15 (5.56) | 3.93 (0.89–17.30) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes Mellitus* | 17.49 (12.46) | 1.34 (1.10–1.64) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension* | 32.17 (21.82) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 0.006 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 12.24 (10.83) | 1.12 (0.98–1.30) | 0.11 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5.54 (3.67) | 1.77 (0.88–3.57) | 0.11 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7.61 (9.32) | 1.63 (1.01–2.64) | 0.05 |
| Malignancy | 10.90 (20.41) | 1.51 (0.99–2.31) | 0.06 |
| Immunosuppression | 4.84 (5.59) | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 0.99 |
| Liver disease | 7.61 (19.38) | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | 0.67 |
| Asthma | 8.32 (6.15) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.62 |
| Obesity | 30.86 (13.00) | 1.85 (0.58–5.89) | 0.30 |
| Smoking history | 14.53 (12.49) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.17 |
| Country income rate: | - | 2.46 (0.71–8.54) | 0.16 |
*p < 0.05.