Table 2.

Summary across the seven Action Labs of the initial levels of stakeholder awareness, the stakeholders involved and the strategies for engagement.

Action Lab	Initial level of awareness	Actors involved		Strategies for engagement
Bollaertbeek	•Farmers are little aware of the problem in their area. They know water quality is important, but they think local water quality is sufficient and they do not think that their agricultural activities have a negative influence on water quality. •Some contract sprayers do know the situation is bad, others didn't acknowledge the situation at all. •The other actors (interviewed at the start of the project) know the quality of the water is bad.	Action lab leader(s)	INAGRO (farmer advisory and research) ILVO (research) VITO (research)	Informing – newsletter Informing – presentation Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – implementation training Exchange –field visit Exchange – interactive workshop
		Chemical producers	Bayer
		Distributers of plant protection products	Phytodistributers
		Representatives of chemical producers	Phytofar
		Spraying machine dealers	Dauchy Agri Lemahieu
		Farmers	Famers of the Bollaertbeek catchment
		Contract sprayer	Contract sprayers
		Farmer advisory and unions	Boerenbond ABS Boerenbond – Agrobeheercentrum ‘t Boerenlandschap
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	De Watergroep
		Regional/national government	Province West-Flanders VMM VLM Regionaal landschap De Westhoek
		Local government	Ieper Heuvelland
Vester Hjerk	•No big awareness about the drinking water situation among the public. People are relying on the authorities and waterworks to take action if there is a problem.	Action lab leader(s)	UCPH (research) GEUS (research) SEGES Research	Informing – newsletter Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – interactive workshop
		Farmers (consumers)	Farmers of the catchment area
		Farmer advisory and unions	Landbo Limfjord
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	Danish Water Works Waterworks Vester Hjerk
		Regional/national government	Stakeholder Advisory Group
		Local government	Municipality of Skive
		Inhabitants – consumers	Inhabitants of the action lab area The Danish Nature Conservation Organisation
Wexford	•There is a good awareness of PPPs, such as MCPA, potentially causing a problem for Irish drinking water. The number of PPP failures has increased in recent years. Seven suppliers, serving; 60,500 people have been reported to have a problem with MCPA in Ireland. •There is a poor knowledge on the underlying processes of MCPA reaching water. It was recognized that we need more knowledge on the transfer pathways and the residence time/breakdown. •There was a perception that MCPA is only incidentally lost to water via surface pathways. •Due to the heterogeneity of the landscape a targeted approach supported by science is needed to mitigate MCPA loss to water	Action lab leader(s)	Teagasc	Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange –field visit Exchange – interactive workshop
		Chemical producers	Animal and Plant Health Association (APHA) Hygeia Chemicals Ltd. NUFARM
		Research	Ulster University Teagasc Students Agricultural Catchments Programme
		Farmers	Famers of the catchments
		Farmer unions and advisories	Teagasc advisors Agricultural Sustainability Support Advisors (ASSA)
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	Irish Water National Federation of Group Water Scheme (NFGWS)
		Regional/national government	Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Local Authority Waters Programme (LAWPRO) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pesticide Control Division of the Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine
		Local government	Wexford County Council
		Food processors and distributers	Glanbia
		Inhabitants – consumers	Citizens – rural dwellers
Val Tidone	•No data about the impact of viticulture on groundwater quality of Tidone Valley was available at the beginning of the project. Institutional data is poor for this area, but data on groundwater quality of Piacenza province is available in ARPAE's websites. •Most of the farmers are not aware of the problem. There is no direct link between the monitoring results and the communication to them. •One cooperative and one farm have set-up their organisation and production in compliance with the Italian standard VIVA using indicators for the improvement of their social, environmental and economic performance.	Action lab leader(s)	UCSC(University) ARPAE-ER (Environmental Agency) APCS (consumer organisation)	Informing – newsletter Informing – presentation Informing - leaflet Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – implementation Exchange - field visit Exchange – interactive workshop
		Research	Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
		Farmers	Farmers of the Val Tidone catchment
		Farmer advisory and unions	Confagricoltura (farmer representative) Coldiretti (farmer representative) CIA (farmer representative) Consorzio Fitosanitario (farmers advisory) Axe Environment (farmers advisory)
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	IRETI (drinking water production, supply and treatment)
		River basin/ environmental protection agency	Po River Hydrographic District Basin Authority (river basin agency) ARPAE (Environmental protection agency)
		Regional/national government	Piacenza (government provincial level) Regione Emilia Romagna (government regional level)
		Local government	Borgonovo (municipality) Ziano (municipality) Castel San Giovanni (municipality) Pianello (municipality) Alta Val Tidone (municipality) Local health agency AUSL Provincial reclamation authority, Consorzio di Bonifica Piacenza
		Food trader – Industry winery	Vicobarone winery - cellar (Cantina Vicobarone) (food processor and trader) Val Tidone winery - cellar (Cantina Val Tidone) (food processor and trader) Consorzio vini DOC Colli Piacentini (local business)
		Inhabitants - consumers	Consumer associations
Gowienica	•The Gowienica Miedwaińska River Basin has been operating as a nitrate vulnerable zone for 12 years until now and still some farmers have very little knowledge on this subject. •Lack of interest (or little interest) of inhabitants in the water quality state in the catchment. •Some farmers did not know that the Gowienica Miedwianska is a river. •The problem of water quality is known by farmers and by institutions related to water management and agriculture (NVZ area). •Non-agricultural and non-water management companies and inhabitants are not aware of the existing problem. •Non-agricultural local companies are not aware of the problem of water quality in the Gowienica river catchment. They assess surface and groundwater as of good quality. The tap water supplied to the recipients mentioned above is also assessed by them as of good quality.	Action lab leader(s)	Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute (PGI-NRI) Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITP) West Pomeranian University of Technology (ZUT)	Informing – newsletter Informing - leaflet Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – demonstration/field visit Exchange – interactive workshop
		Farmers	Farmers of the Gowienica river catchment
		Farmer advisory and unions	West Pomeranian Farmer's Advisory Centre (ZODR)
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	Szczecin Water Services West Pomeranian Water Services
		Regional/national government	Department of Environmental Protection, Szczecin City Hall Regional Water Management Authority, National State Water Farm Polish Waters (RWMA) Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (VIEP) Regional Directorate for Environmental Protection (RDOŚ) West Pomeranian Board of Land Reclamation and Water Facilities in Szczecin (operated until 31.12.2017) Voivodship Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management Agency for the Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA) Faculty of Infrastructure, Agriculture and Regional Development Westpomeranian Voivodeship Office
		Local government	Warnice Borough Stargard Borough
		Food processors and distributers	Polish Sugar Inc.
		Inhabitants - consumers	Inhabitants
Mara	•Most farmers are not aware that there are some problems related to bad agricultural practices. And if they acknowledge this, they still consider it as a small problem and certainly not their individual problem.	Action lab leader(s)	Universitatea Tehnica CLUJ-NAPOCA (UTC) Ecologic (civil society organisation)	Informing – newsletter Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – demonstration/field visit Exchange – interactive workshop
		Research	Universities Experts Students
		Farmers	Farmers of the Mara river catchment
		Farmer unions	Farmer association
		Regional/national government	EPA Maramures Directorate of Agriculture Maramures Water Directorate Maramures
		Local government	Ocna Sugatag Municipality County Council Maramures Budesti Commune
		Industry - Tourism	Tour operators Ecotourism destination Ocna Sugatag Tourism Promotion Center
		Inhabitants - consumers	Inhabitants of the villages Children Priest
Lower Llobregat	•Basically, all stakeholders, including farmers and citizens, are aware of the general bad quality of the water, but due to the complexity of the area it is difficult to know which activities are the most polluting. •Farmers believe that agriculture is not the main source of pollution. On the contrary, agriculture in is perceived as beneficial to protect the area from further urban expansion. •Farmers accept the use of treated wastewater for irrigation but demand improvement of its quality and control of specific parameters, as well as additional infrastructures to protect their crops from flooding or water shortages.	Action lab leader(s)	IDAEA-CSIC (research organization, action lab leader) AB (local drinking water company) CUADLL (local water administration) CPABLL (local government)	Informing – newsletter Informing – project presentation and flyers Informing – press release Exchange – bilateral conversation Exchange – multi-actor conversation Exchange – questionnaire/survey Exchange – demonstration/field visit Exchange – interactive workshop Informing and exchange – conference
		Research	Agricultural Machinery Unity (UMA) of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UMA-UPC) Higher School of Agriculture of Barcelona attached to Polytechnic University of Catalonia (ESAB-UPC) University of Barcelona (UB) IRTA - research institute of the Government of Catalonia adscribed to the Department of Agriculture Ilersap (analytical company) Students
		Farmers	Famers of the Llobregat delta catchment
		Farmer advisory and unions	Unió de Pagesos (major agriculture trade union) ADV Horta (farmers advisory) ADV Fruita (farmers advisory)
		Water producers and suppliers of drinking water	ATLL Aigües d'El Prat FCC Aqualia SA
		Regional/national government	Catalan Water Agency (ACA, basin water authority) Public Health Secretary (PHS) (Ministry of Health of Catalonia) Department of Agriculture, livestock, fisheries and food (Catalan government) AMB (Metropolitan area of Barcelona)
		Local government	Consortium of the Delta del Llobregat Municipalities Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat: Palleja, Sant Vicenç dels Horts, Santa Coloma de Cervelló, Sant Boi de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobreta, Viladecans, Gavà, Castelldefels, El Papiol, Molins de Rei, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Joan Despí, Cornellà de Llobregat i l'Hospitalet de Llobregat.
		Food processors and distributers	Mercabarna (wholesale market for the city of Barcelona)
		Inhabitants - consumers	Inhabitants of the action lab area