Fig. 3. Functional analyses of Wolbachia pangenomes.

a Wolbachia strain discrimination based on presence and absence of genes from the Wolbachia pangenome. Each column represents the identified gene content of a Wolbachia strain in one of the 1793 positive samples as detected by PanPhlAn. Wolbachia gene profiles are hierarchically clustered based on Jaccard distance. b Host specific functional gain and loss. Phylogenetic tree is based on Wolbachia genomes from hosts with at least 4 quality controlled assemblies. Fisher test was applied to identify host lineage-specific functional gain or loss of enzyme categories (EC numbers). c candidate genes significantly enriched in CI associated assemblies.