Table 6.
Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Both Male and Female Rats After 28th Day’s Exposure of CS-AgNPs at Different Concentrations
| Parameters | Groups* (Mean ± S.D) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Control | CS-AgNPs (30 mg/kg) |
CS-AgNPs (60 mg/kg) |
CS-AgNPs (90 mg/kg) |
Control | CS-AgNPs (30 mg/kg) |
CS-AgNPs (60 mg/kg) |
CS-AgNPs (90 mg/kg) |
|
| Serum electrolytes | ||||||||
| Na+ (mEq/L) | 135.4 ± 7.54 | 139.2 ± 6.21 | 134.6 ± 8.46 | 142.2 ± 11.57 | 137.5 ± 6.91 | 134.8 ± 8.43 | 138.7 ± 6.91 | 138.2 ± 7.73 |
| K+ (mEq/L) | 5.64 ± 0.78 | 6.02 ± 0.61 | 5.89 ± 0.56 | 4.94 ± 1.08 | 5.24 ± 0.59 | 5.83 ± 0.73 | 6.09 ± 0.48 | 5.63 ± 0.77 |
| Ca+ (mEq/L) | 5.28 ± 0.70 | 5.41 ± 0.82 | 5.32 ± 0.48 | 6.08 ± 1.12 | 5.06 ± 0.43 | 5.37 ± 0.60 | 5.57 ± 0.17 | 5.30 ± 0.35 |
| Blood profile | ||||||||
| RBCs (1012/L) | 8.42 ± 0.63 | 8.17 ± 0.58 | 8.35 ± 0.42 | 8.09 ± 0.72 | 7.97 ± 0.51 | 7.99 ± 0.70 | 7.83 ± 0.62 | 7.70 ± 0.48 |
| WBCs (109/L) | 13,485 ± 3482 | 14,834 ± 4870 | 15,587 ± 7954 | 15,873 ± 8340* | 11,540 ± 4017 | 12,604 ± 5137 | 13,034 ± 5379 | 13,974 ± 7842* |
| Basophils (%) | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.04* | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.06* |
| Eosinophils (%) | 1.87 ± 0.20 | 1.44 ± 0.17 | 1.72 ± 0.21 | 2.87 ± 0.38* | 2.49 ± 0.14 | 1.72 ± 0.28 | 2.92 ± 0.36 | 3.47 ± 0.24* |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 75.89 ± 6.87 | 78.07 ± 8.16 | 81.56 ± 11.36 | 89.94 ± 12.57* | 78.15 ± 7.46 | 80.17 ± 5.42 | 79.05 ± 8.47 | 91.53 ± 9.91* |
| Monocytes (%) | 1.45 ± 0.27 | 1.48 ± 0.14 | 1.51 ± 0.23 | 2.20 ± 0.68 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | 1.53 ± 0.39 | 1.46 ± 0.16 | 2.59 ± 0.41 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 22.41 ± 5.98 | 24.73 ± 4.21 | 29.46 ± 5.08 | 34.19 ± 9.40* | 19.86 ± 4.76 | 22.33 ± 5.91 | 26.74 ± 4.37 | 37.08 ± 5.10* |
| Hb levels (g/dL) | 14.98 ± 0.94 | 14.56 ± 0.85 | 15.20 ± 0.98 | 14.12 ± 1.12 | 13.47 ± 0.57 | 13.82 ± 0.97 | 13.27 ± 0.62 | 14.01 ± 0.83 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 1.42 ± 0.27 | 1.48 ± 0.43 | 1.43 ± 0.69 | 1.54 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.18 | 1.46 ± 0.37 | 1.53 ± 0.56 | 1.58 ± 0.39 |
| Liver profile | ||||||||
| ALP (U/L) | 218.47 ± 28.7 | 285.41 ± 87.6 | 312.56 ± 74.0* | 447.98 ± 102.5** | 232.60 ± 25.3 | 267.38 ± 69.3 | 298.19 ± 37.6 | 430.41 ± 58.3** |
| AST (U/L) | 235.72 ± 39.4 | 312.40 ± 28.1 | 378.37 ± 56.8* | 439.56 ± 67.5** | 203.49 ± 24.3 | 240.37 ± 37.6 | 311.98 ± 34.2* | 381.09 ± 43.1** |
| ALT (U/L) | 43.21 ± 18.27 | 59.79 ± 14.08 | 62.13 ± 17.25* | 81.19 ± 25.43** | 52.10 ± 14.31 | 61.08 ± 12.40 | 68.97 ± 20.73* | 75.37 ± 19.33** |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.13* | 0.99 ± 0.10** | 0.56 ± 0.24 | 0.64 ± 0.42 | 0.73 ± 0.37* | 0.92 ± 0.29** |
| Kidney profile | ||||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.87 ± 0.24 | 1.82 ± 0.14 | 1.85 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.17 | 1.13 ± 0.18 | 1.20 ± 0.24 | 1.21 ± 0.11 | 1.18 ± 0.29 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 28.70 ± 2.41 | 27.21 ± 3.87 | 29.05 ± 3.28 | 25.96 ± 4.84 | 26.27 ± 3.19 | 26.97 ± 2.72 | 28.33 ± 3.94 | 27.94 ± 3.48 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 1.71 ± 0.14 | 1.68 ± 0.08 | 1.73 ± 0.10 | 1.74 ± 0.19 | 1.67 ± 0.18 | 1.70 ± 0.10 | 1.68 ± 0.32 | 1.66 ± 0.24 |
| Cardiac Profile | ||||||||
| CK-MB (IU/mL) | 12.84 ± 0.26 | 12.06 ± 0.19 | 11.97 ± 0.51 | 12.15 ± 0.18 | 13.10 ± 0.62 | 12.42 ± 0.36 | 13.18 ± 0.47 | 12.52 ± 0.29 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 72.84 ± 12.74 | 71.68 ± 14.87 | 72.62 ± 13.87 | 70.02 ± 17.45 | 77.67 ± 10.67 | 79.34 ± 12.19 | 78.04 ± 14.93 | 78.90 ± 9.82 |
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 60.45 ± 4.58 | 66.91 ± 7.48 | 69.73 ± 5.81 | 86.13 ± 7.34* | 57.33 ± 5.39 | 60.90 ± 6.53 | 64.74 ± 5.52 | 83.62 ± 7.67* |
| IL-1 (pg/mL) | 38.78 ± 3.34 | 41.37 ± 4.67 | 46.85 ± 4.65 | 59.62 ± 5.32 | 37.99 ± 4.25 | 43.75 ± 4.76 | 48.92 ± 6.78 | 57.67 ± 4.34* |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 22.14 ± 3.45 | 26.22 ± 4.87 | 31.58 ± 5.82 | 39.32 ± 3.66* | 26.85 ± 5.24 | 31.48 ± 4.10 | 35.34 ± 6.08 | 45.08 ± 6.84* |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 59.44 ± 4.37 | 61.54 ± 5.98 | 63.89 ± 5.56 | 89.97 ± 10.85* | 58.54 ± 4.30 | 63.79 ± 6.53 | 69.12 ± 7.93 | 87.85 ± 9.01* |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 10.26 ± 3.21 | 12.68 ± 3.53 | 15.85 ± 4.36 | 23.53 ± 3.54* | 13.27 ± 4.34 | 16.56 ± 3.62 | 19.95 ± 3.27 | 27.62 ± 5.95* |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 17.85 ± 2.78 | 19.45 ± 3.67 | 22.80 ± 4.81 | 34.95 ± 4.10 | 18.03 ± 2.87 | 21.98 ± 4.86 | 25.16 ± 4.88 | 33.68 ± 5.87* |
Notes: All experiments were performed in triplicates and reported as mean ± SD. (n=10). *p ≤ 0.05 significant as compared to control, **p ≤ 0.005 highly significant as compared to control.
Abbreviations: S.D, standard deviation; RBCs, red blood cells; WBCs, white blood cells; Hb, hemoglobin; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukins; TNF-α, tumor necrotic factor α.