Table 1.

The summary of CVD in IBD studies

References	Patients	Method	Investigating factor	Results	Risk factors
Adult studies
Feng [27]	N/A	Ischemic heart disease in IBD	Meta- analysis	Moderately increased risk of ischemic heart disease in IBD
Kirchgesner [28]	N = 210 162 CD = 97 708 UC = 112,452	Acute arterial events	Cohort study	Overall increased risk of acute arterial event in IBD	Female, Young age < 50, short duration of follow-up < 5
Fumery [29]	N/A	Thromboembolic event	Meta- analysis	Increased risk of TE in CD and UC	Age under 50, IBD-related hospitalization
Zanoli [32]	N/A	Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and a marker of subclinical organ damage	Meta-analysis	aPWV was increased in both CD and UC compared to the controls
Bernstein [33]	N = 41,005 CD = 21,340 UC = 19,665	population-based cohort study	Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in IBD patients -pulmonary embolism	IBD patients have a threefold increased risk of developing DVT or PE.	Disease duration White blood cell count
Bernstein [34]	N = 80,489 Age (mean): CD = 33 UC = 39	population-based cohort study	Risk for coronary artery disease	IBD is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events
Yarur [35]	N = 356	Cohort study	Incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in IBD patients	An increased incidence of CAD events was noted in IBD patients despite having a lower burden of traditional risk factors.
Singh [36]	N/A	Meta-analysis	The risk of arterial thromboembolic events: cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) ischemic heart disease (IHD).	IBD is associated with a modest increase in the risk of cardiovascular morbidity (from CVA and IHD)	Sex—female
Grainge [40]	N = 13,756	Prospective cohort study	Risk of VTE during different activity of IBD	The risk of VT was higher in IBD than in control The increase in risk was more prominent during the flare	Females Young age for CVA
Le Gall [39]	N = 3539 Age (mean): 42 y.o	Cohort Study	Occurrence of acute arterial events (acute coronary syndrome or ischemic stroke)—AAE	Active disease may increase the risk of AAE	Active disease Typical risk factors
Pediatric studies
Aloi [43]	N = 52 CD = 27 UC = 25 Age (mean): 15.2 y.o	Endothelial dysfunction Flow-mediated dilation (FMD)	Cohort study	Higher mean carotid intima-media complex in IBD than in controls Lower FMD in IBD
Lurz [42]	N = 25 Age (mean): 14.1 y.o	Cohort study (pilot study)	Not increased arterial stiffness in pediatric IBD
Trzeciak-Jedrzejczyk [45]	N = 40	Adhesions molecules concentration and lipid parameters as risk factors of atherosclerosis	Cohort study	No statistically significant difference in average values of adhesion molecules between IBD and control group Higher TG level in controls than in CD in remission—higher HDL level in controls than in active IBD
Winderman [46]	N = 16	Microvascular dysfunction	Cohort study	Lower hyperemia index	None
Pac-Kożuchowska [47]	N = 30 CD = 16 UC = 14 Age (mean): 13.2 y.o	To assess selected biomarkers of atherosclerosis in children with IBD	Cohort study	No significant differences were found in biomarkers of atherosclerosis in children with IBD compared to controls	None
Nylund [49]	CD = 61,076 UC = 7318 Age (range): 5–20 y.o	Risk of VTE in children and adolescence with IBD	Retrospective cohort study	Increased risk of VTE in IBD compared to controls
Lazzerini [54]	N/A	Incidence of thromboembolism (TE) in children with IBD	Systemic review	An increased risk of TE in children with IBD compared to controls
Zitomersky [55]	N/A	Retrospective review	Risk of thromboembolism (TE) in children and young adults with IBD	Increased risk of TE in young IBD patients	Active disease UC
Barclay [57]	N = 154 CD = 98 UC = 56	Retrospective cohort study	Incidence and outcome of CTE in pediatric IBD patients	2.6% of cases over 5 years	Colonic involvement Inherited thrombophilia