Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of smoke related factors and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (excluding iCP) in all countries (N = 3765)
| Model 1* |
Model 2 † |
Model 3 ‡ |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
OR |
95% CI |
P-value |
OR |
95% CI |
P-value |
OR |
95% CI |
P-value |
|
| Cooking indoors over open flame |
2.02 |
(1.70, 2.41) |
<.0001 |
1.56 |
(1.29, 1.90) |
<.0001 |
1.55 |
(1.27, 1.89) |
<.0001 |
| Smoking Pre-pregnancy- Mother |
0.91 |
(0.50, 1.66) |
0.76 |
0.95 |
(0.50, 1.80) |
0.87 |
2.08 |
(0.61, 7.30) |
0.43 |
| Smoking during pregnancy- Mother |
1.43 |
(0.53, 4.02) |
0.48 |
1.65 |
(0.57, 4.86) |
0.35 |
0.74 |
(0.34, 1.57) |
0.24 |
| Smoking- Father |
1.08 |
(0.92, 1.28) |
0.35 |
1.08 |
(0.90, 1.29) |
0.42 |
1.14 |
(0.91, 1.43) |
0.26 |
| Smoking in the household during pregnancy | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.25) | 0.54 | 1.00 | (0.83, 1.20) | 0.98 | 0.87 | (0.69, 1.10) | 0.25 |
CI – confidence interval, OR – odds ratio, iCP – cleft palate only
*Model 1 – Adjusted for country, maternal age, mother and father education (primary or less/ secondary or more), family history of cleft.
†Model 2 – Additionally adjusted for rural/ urban home and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
‡Model 3 – Mutually adjusted for all smoke variables and Model 2 covariates.