Table 4.
Differences between survivors and non-survivors*
| Characteristic | Survivors (n=38) | Non-survivors (n=35) | P† | OR (95% CI)‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (n=73) (yr) | 60.5±16.6 | 66.5±14.3 | 0.1 | 1 (0.9–1.1) |
| Sex (n=50) | 0.3 | 0.5 (0.2–1.7) | ||
| Female | 15 (30) | 7 (14) | ||
| Male | 15 (30) | 13 (26) | ||
| Symptomatic for COVID-19 at the time of stroke (n=64) | 27 (42.2) | 27 (42.2) | 0.56 | 1.5 (0.4–6) |
| Type of stroke (n=73) | 0.14 | 1.1 (0.3–4.1)§ | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 32 (43.8) | 30 (41.1) | ||
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 0 (0) | 4 (5.5) | ||
| Intracerebral haemorrhage with subarachnoid haemorrhage | 2 (2.7) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Cerebral venous thrombosis | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0) | ||
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Transient ischaemic attack | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | ||
| NIHSS (n=13) | 11.5 (4.5–16.8) | 2 (2–36) | 0.74 | 1 (0.9–1.2) |
| TOAST (n=52) | 0.2 | |||
| Large artery disease | 12 (23.1) | 7 (13.5) | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) | |
| Small vessel disease | 5 (9.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0.16 (0.01–1.9) | |
| Cardioembolic | 4 (7.7) | 5 (9.6) | 1.3 (0.3–4.7) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NA | |
| Cryptogenic | 6 (11.5) | 11 (21.2) | 1.5 (0.3–7.6) | |
| Critical illness (n=73) | ||||
| No | 21 (28.8) | 2 (2.7) | 0.1 (0.02–0.4) | |
| Yes | 17 (23.3) | 33 (45.2) | <0.001ⅠⅠ | 20.4 (4.3–97) |
| Chest X-ray (n=8) | 0.3 | NA | ||
| Normal | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | ||
| Abnormal | 3 (37.5) | 4 (50) | ||
| Abnormal CT chest (n=37) | 20 (54.1) | 17 (45.9) | NA | NA |
| Abnormal CT pulmonary angiography (n=3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 0.4 | NA |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension (n=72) | 14 (19.4) | 16 (22.2) | 0.4 | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) |
| Diabetes (n=72) | 7 (9.7) | 11 (15.3) | 0.2 | 2.1 (0.7–6.3) |
| Old stroke (n=72) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.8) | 0.5 | 2.3 (0.2–27) |
| Smoking (n=47) | 2 (4.3) | 6 (12.8) | 0.03ⅠⅠ | 6 (1.1–33.9) |
| Atrial fibrillation (n=72) | 4 (5.6) | 4 (5.6) | 0.9 | 1.1 (0.3–4.9) |
| Heart failure (n=72) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.2) | 0.06 | NA |
| Pacemaker (n=72) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 0.3 | NA |
| Dyslipidemia (n=65) | 6 (9.2) | 11 (16.9) | 0.052 | 3 (0.96–9.7) |
| Coronary artery disease (n=72) | 1 (1.4) | 5 (6.9) | 0.06 | 6.4 (0.7–58) |
| Alcoholism (n=42) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 | 1.9 (0.1–32) |
| No. of risk factors (n=72) | ||||
| 0 | 16 (22.2) | 3 (4.2) | 0.004ⅠⅠ | 0.2 (0.05–0.6) |
| 1 | 7 (9.7) | 6 (8.3) | 4.6 (0.9–24) | |
| ≥2 | 15 (20.8) | 25 (34.7) | 8.9 (2.2–35.7) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease (n=8) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.7 | NA |
| Cancer (n=10) | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 0.5 | 3 (0.1–73.6) |
| C-reactive protein (n=44) (mg/L) | 81±95 | 125±83 | 0.02ⅠⅠ | 2.6 (0.8–8.9)¶ |
| D-dimer (n=44) (μg/L) | 3,180±3,658 | 9,314±13,032 | 0.007ⅠⅠ | 3.7 (1.1–13)** |
| Ferritin (n=9) (μg/L) | 241±228 | 1,853†† | 0.12 | NA |
| Leucocyte count (n=17) (×109/L) | 8.3±3 | 14.1±7.7 | 0.14 | 5.3 (0.6–46) |
| Lymphocyte (n=15) (×109/L) | 1±0.5 | 0.9±0.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 (0.1–6.3) |
| Platelet (n=14) (×109/L) | 245±93 | 192±98 | 0.1 | NA |
| Creatinine (n=10) (μmol/L) | 113±45 | 177±137 | 0.7 | 1.5 (0.1–25.4) |
| Aspartate transaminase (n=10) (U/L) | 50±37 | 77±48 | 0.5 | 2 (0.1–27) |
| Alanine transaminase (n=8) (U/L) | 31±18 | 40±24 | 0.65 | NA |
| Procalcitonin (n=4) (μg/L) | 0.08†† | 5.97±7.1 | 0.17 | NA |
| Troponin (n=11) (pg/mL) | 310±348 | 3,044±6,264 | 0.36 | 1.2 (0.7–19.6) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (n=11) (U/L) | 302±99 | 811±201 | 0.008ⅠⅠ | NA‡‡ |
| aPTT (n=8) (sec) | 26±14 | 44±8.5 | 0.17 | 8 (0.3–206) |
| International normalized ratio (n=6) | 1.2±0 | 1.95±1.1 | 0.3 | NA |
| Prothrombin time (n=4) | 13.9±1.1 | 13.8†† | 0.65 | NA |
| Fibrinogen (n=7) (g/L) | 4.9±1.9 | 7†† | 0.32 | NA |
| APLA positivity (n=4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Lupus anticoagulant (n=2) | 0 (0) | 1 (50) | NA | NA |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TOAST, Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; NA, not applicable; CT, computed tomography; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; APLA, antiphospholipid antibody.
Data is not uniformly available for each patient leading to separate ‘n’ number for each characteristic;
Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney test was used for continuous variables to calculate P-value unless otherwise specified;
ORs were calculated by logistic regression. The cut-off values used for calculating ORs were upper or lower limits of normal values (whichever differentiates normal from abnormal values) unless otherwise specified;
OR was calculated for ischaemic stroke when compared with non-ischaemic stroke; ⅠⅠThe difference between the groups was statistically significant;
A C-reactive protein (CRP) cut-off value of 100 mg/L was used arbitrarily to calculate the OR. The difference between the groups for CRP was significant by Mann-Whitney test even though the CI for OR included 1;
D-dimer cut-off of 4,000 μg/L was used arbitrarily to calculate OR;
Only single observation was available;
One of the cells in the contingency table used to calculate OR at a cut-off of 280 U/L of lactate dehydrogenase had null value precluding the calculation of the same.