Table 2.

A summary of reports in the literature for topography-driven cell response: cytoskeleton organization and differentiation with respect to the shape and size of the topography.

Substrate material	Type of topography	Width/diameter	Height	Cell type	Cell Response	Ref.
PMMA	Dot	140–2200 nm	11–45 nm	Human mesenchymal stem cells	Increased FA formation on nanodots, bone nodules formed on 45 nm high dots	[17]
Ti/TiO2	Dot	20–55.5 nm	30–115 nm	Human mesenchymal stem cells	Increased cytoskeleton organization, Focal adhesion size	[18]
PCL	Pit	20/30/40 μm	300 nm	Primary human osteoblasts	Increased cytoskeleton spreading and FA formation	[19]
PDMS coated	Pit	3 μm	2–4 μm	Murine mesenchymal stem cells	Increased FA size, actin polymerization and osteogenic differentiation	[20]
PMMA	Groove	10, 25, 100 μm	330 nm	Mesenchymal stem cells	Increased FA formation and osteoblastic differentiation	[21]
PC	Grooves	2 μm	7 μm	Osteoblasts	Decreased osteoblastic differentiation and FAs on grooved surfaces vs. flat surfaces	[22]
Ti	Groove	0.5–50 μm	1.3 μm	Mesenchymal stem cells	Increased cell attachment and spreading vs. flat surface. Larger cell adhesion density on narrower grooves (0.5 and 0.75 μm wide grooves)	[23]
Stainless steel	Groove	40, 50, 80 μm	~5–20 μm	Primary osteoblasts	Increased mineralization and alignment of collagen.	[24]
Polyimide	Microgroove	4 μm	5 μm	Osteoblasts	Strong elongation and alignment	[25]
PMMA	Nanogroove	10, 25, 100 μm	330 nm	Human osteoblasts	Decreased nanogroove widths led to increased contact guidance, decreased adhesion and increased angiogenic gene expressions	[26]
PS	Microgroove	1–10 μm	0.5–1.5 μm	Rat bone marrow cells	On large grooves, focal adhesions cover the surface,	[27]
PHBV	Microchannel	1–10 μm	5–30 μm	Rat mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteoblasts	Increased osteoblast adhesion and alignment	[28]
Collagen	Microchannel	27 μm	12 μm	Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells	Cell alignment facilitated enhanced bone formation	[29]
Collagen coated fibrinogen	Microgroove	27 μm	12 μm	Rat bone marrow osteoblast cells	Enhanced cell orientation and bone formation	[30]
PMMA	Micropillar	4, 8, 16 μm	8 μm	Dental pulm mesenchymal stem cells	8 μm height of the pillars showed enhanced osteogenic differentiation	[31]
PLGA	Micropillar	3 μm	7 μm	Mesenchymal stem cells	The geometry of cell nuclei responds to the micropillar array	[32]
PLGA	Micropillar	3 μm	5 μm	Bone marrow stromal cells	Reduced height showed severe nucleus deformation, but no change in proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells	[33]
Ti	Micropillar	21 nm	15 nm	Bone marrow stromal cells	Improved bone deposition on nanopillars	[34]
PMMA	Nanopits	120 nm	100 nm	Mesenchymal stem cells	Stimulated differentiation and production of bone mineral in vitro	[35]
Ti	Micropits	100, 30, 10 μm		Osteoblast like cells	Cell attachment, growth, aggregation and morphology depends on the presence and dimension of the micropatterns	[36]
PCL	microwells	30 μm	80, 220, 333 nm	Bone marrow stromal cells	Optimal adhesion on 80 nm deep pits, inductive capability on 220 nm deep pits	[37]

PMMA: polymethylmethacrylate, PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane, PLLA: polylactic acid, PUA: polyurethane, PCL: polycaprolactone, PC: polycarbonate, PS: polystyrene, PLGA: polylactic glycolic acid. PS Polystyrene.