. 2020 Oct 15;6(4):1083–1106. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.002

Table 5.

Main required scaffold properties.

Application	Adequate modulus	Adequate cells	Adequate porosity	Adequate
Application	Adequate modulus	Adequate cells	Adequate porosity	pore sizes range
Cancellous bone	1.28–1.97 GPa [217]	Osteoblast	75–90% [218]	140–600 μm [218]
Cancellous bone	1.28–1.97 GPa [217]	Osteocyte	75–90% [218]	140–600 μm [218]
Cortical bone	10.4–20.7 GPa [217]	Osteoblast	5–10% [218]	10–50 μm [218]
Cortical bone	10.4–20.7 GPa [217]	Osteocyte	5–10% [218]	10–50 μm [218]
Skeletal muscle	5–170 kPa [217]	C2C12 [143]	around 90% [143]	50–200 μm [220]
Skeletal muscle	5–170 kPa [217]	SMCs [219]	around 90% [143]	50–200 μm [220]
Vein	34 kPa (circumferential) [221] 102 kPa (longitudinal) [221]	Endothelial	n.m	6,5–7,6 nm [158]
Aorta	128 kPa (young) [221] 41.7 kPa (old) [221]	Endothelial	n.m	1–20 μm [222]
Nerve guide [223]	0.30–30 MPa	Neuro 2a	60–80%	30–50 μm
		Glial cell
		Schwann cell
Ear cartilage [224]	5 MPa	Chondrocyte Osteocyte	n.m	>100 μm
Cartilage	2.8–18.6 MPa [152]	Chondrocyte Osteocyte	75–87% [225]	75 μm–175μm [225]
Cardiac tissues	5–50 kPa [217]	Cardiomyocytes H9C2 [226] or	75%–96% [228,229]	Some-300μm [229]
Cardiac tissues	5–50 kPa [217]	HL-1 [227]	75%–96% [228,229]	Some-300μm [229]

n.m: not mentioned; SMCs: Smooth Muscle Cell.