Table 1.
Non-synuclein pathologies associated with RBD
| Condition | Number of patients | Subcategory | Supplementary References |
| Structural brain lesion | 45 | Ischaemic (n=23)*, multiple sclerosis (n=7), indeterminate lesion (n=4), meningioma (n=3), adult-onset leukodystrophy (n=2), post-operative following brain surgery (n=1), brainstem cavernoma (n=1), aneurysm (n=1), brainstem lymphoma (n=1), astrocytoma (n=1), anoxic encephalopathy (n=1) | 1,2, 3†, 4†,5,6, 7‡, 8-12, 13§, 14, 15, 16¶, 17-21 |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | 29 | Type 1 (n=6), Type II (n=23) | 22,23 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 29 | na | 13§, 24-31, 32§ |
| Spinocerebellar ataxia | 25 | SCA-3 (n=20), SCA of uncertain aetiology (n=4), SCA-31 (n=1) | 30, 33-38 |
| Autoimmune brain disease | 22 | Voltage-gated potassium channel antibody encephalitis (n=9), paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (n=4), anti-Ma antibody encephalitis (n=3), encephalitis of uncertain aetiology (n=3), paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (n=2), NMDA receptor encephalitis (n=1) | 6, 13§, 16¶, 39-42, 43§, 44, 45, 46 |
| Epilepsy | 19 | na | 15, 47-49 |
| Progressive supranuclear palsy | 15 | na | 6, 13§, 50, 51, 52§, 53 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 11 | na | 2, 3†, 54. 55 |
| Guadeloupean parkinsonism** | 7 | na | 51 |
| Wilson’s disease | 6 | na | 56, 57 |
This table highlights neurological conditions previously associated with polysomnography-confirmed RBD. Only conditions with five or more cases are shown, with the following conditions being observed less frequently: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=4), dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (n=4), anti-IgLON5 disease (n=4), autism (n=4), Huntington’s disease (n=3), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (n=3), Mobius syndrome (n=2), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n=1), frontotemporal dementia (n=1), Tourette’s syndrome (n=1), myotonic dystrophy type 2 (n=1) and hereditary hyperekplexia (n=1).
*Mainly involving the pons.
†RBD occurred as part of parasomnia overlap syndrome.
‡Not located in the brainstem and one patient also had epilepsy.
§Pathologically confirmed cases.
¶Two patients did not undergo polysomnography but insufficient information from paper to confirm which ones.
**This is a form of tauopathy.
na, not applicable; RBD, REM sleep behaviour disorder; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia.