Table 1.
Basic information of the included studies.
| Author (year) | Country | Number (E/C) | Group | Female/male | Intervention | Treatment paths | Mean dose of stem cells (/kg) | Follow-up time (months) | Age (years) | Duration of T1DM (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trials | ||||||||||
| Cai, 2016 [8] | China | 21/21 | E11 | 12/9 | aBM-MNCs1+UC-MSCs2+insulin | Via dorsal pancreatic artery or its substitute | aBM-MNCs (106.8 × 106)+UC-MSCs (1.1 × 106) | 3, 6, 9, 12 | NA10 | 9.24 |
| C12 | 10/11 | Insulin | — | — | NA | 7 | ||||
| Carlsson, 2015 [16] | Sweden | 10/10 | E | 1/8 | MSCs3+insulin | IV9 | 2.75 × 106 | 2.5, 12 | 24 ± 2 | NA |
| C | 4/5 | Insulin | — | — | 27 ± 2 | NA | ||||
| Ghodsi, 2012 [10] | Iran | 13/17 | E | 6/7 | HSCs4+insulin | IV | 7 − 11 × 106 | 0.25, 1, 3, 6, 12 | 21.61 ± 10.53 | 4.23 ± 2.21 |
| C | 9/8 | Insulin | — | — | 21.35 ± 9.80 | 4.11 ± 2.86 | ||||
| Hu, 2013 [9] | China | 15/14 | E | 6/9 | WJ-MSCs5+insulin (twice, 4 weeks interval) | IV | 2.6 ± 1.2 × 107 | 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 | 17.6 ± 8.7 | NA |
| C | 6/8 | Normal saline (twice, 4 weeks interval) + insulin | — | — | 18.2 ± 7.9 | NA | ||||
| Zhang, 2016 [7] | China | 16/17 | E | 7/9 | ADMSCs6+insulin | IV | 1 × 107 | 6, 12, 24 | 22.1 ± 6.6 | 0.29 ± 0.24 |
| C | 7/10 | Insulin | — | — | 21.6 ± 6.8 | 0.31 ± 0.56 | ||||
| Nonrandomized concurrent control trials | ||||||||||
| Gu, 2018 [20] | China | 20/20 | E | 7/13 | AHSCT7+insulin | IV | NA | 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 | 18 ± 3.9 | 0.19 ± 0.12 |
| C | 7/13 | Insulin | — | — | 18 ± 4.5 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Gu, 2014 [19] | China | 14/28 | E | 9/5 | AHSCT+insulin | IV | NA | 10.7 ± 4.2, 50.4 ± 21.6 | 8.04 ± 3.99 | NA |
| C | 10/18 | Insulin | — | — | 8.29 ± 2.91 | NA | ||||
| Hou, 2014 [22] | China | 15/25 | E | 7/8 | AHSCT +insulin | IV | >3 × 106 | 1.16 ± 0.1 | 18.95 ± 4.25 | 0.35 ± 0.09 |
| C | 10/15 | Insulin | — | — | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 19.56 ± 4.62 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | |||
| Walicka, 2018 [18] | Poland | 23/8 | E | — | AHSCT+insulin | IV | >3.0 × 106 | 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 | 25 ± 5 | NA |
| C | — | Insulin | — | — | 26 ± 3 | NA | ||||
| Wang, 2013 [21] | China | 22/22 | E | 12/10 | AHSCT+insulin | IV | NA | 24 | 18.0 ± 4.2 | NA |
| C | 12/10 | Insulin | — | — | 19.2 ± 3.5 | NA | ||||
| Ye, 2017 [23] | China | 8/10 | E | 5/3 | AHSCT+insulin | IV | NA | 12 | 18.86 ± 1.46 | NA |
| C | 6/4 | Insulin | — | — | 20.18 ± 4.02 | NA | ||||
| Yu,2011 [17] | China | 6/6 | E | 3/3 | UC-MSCs+insulin | IV | 1 × 107/person | 9 | 19.67 ± 2.58 | NA |
| C | 4/2 | Insulin | — | — | 14.83 ± 8.18 | NA | ||||
| Zhao, 2012 [24] | China | 12/3 | E | 9/3 | CB-SCs8+insulin | IV | NA | 1, 3, 6, 10 | 28.17 ± 8.17 | 8.5 ± 5.42 |
| C | 0/3 | Insulin | — | — | 33 ± 9 | 6 ± 7 | ||||
aBM-MNCs: autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells; UC-MSCs: umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; HSCs: fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cells; WJ-MSCs: Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ADMSCs: allogeneic amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AHSCT: autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; CB-SCs: human cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells; IV: intravenous; NA: not available; E: experimental group; C: control group.