Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients receiving PD-L1 inhibitor therapy
| Characteristic | All patientsa |
No sustained AKI |
Sustained AKI |
PD-L1 inhibitor–related AKI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||||
| Patients, n | 599 | 563 | 36 | 5 |
| Age, yr | 65 ± 13 | 63 ± 14 | 63 ± 12 | 65 ± 12 |
| Baseline creatinine, mg/dl | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 |
| eGFR, ml/min | 88 ± 26 | 89 ± 26 | 82 ± 26 | 80 ± 20 |
| Male | 298 (50) | 281 (50) | 17 (47) | 2 (40) |
| Female | 301 (50) | 282 (50) | 19 (53) | 3 (60) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 554 (92) | 521 (92) | 33 (91) | 5 (100) |
| Black | 16 (3) | 15 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Asian | 11 (2) | 10 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Other/unknown | 18 (3) | 17 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Cirrhosis | 7 (1) | 7 (1) | 0 | 0 |
| Hypertension | 242 (40) | 229 (41) | 13 (36) | 2 (40) |
| Diabetes | 113 (19) | 103 (18) | 10 (28) | 0 |
| Baseline medications | ||||
| PPIb | 210 (35) | 192 (34) | 18 (50)b | 1 (20) |
| H2 blockers | 113 (19) | 104 (18) | 9 (25) | 0 |
| NSAIDs | 103 (17) | 95 (17) | 8 (22) | 1 (20) |
| Allopurinol | 12 (2) | 11 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| ACEI/ARB | 135 (23) | 128 (23) | 7 (19) | 0 |
| Baseline kidney function, eGFR group | ||||
| <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 99 (17) | 92 (16) | 7 (19) | 1 (20) |
| 60−90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 208 (35) | 192 (34) | 16 (44) | 3 (60) |
| >90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 292 (49) | 179 (50) | 13 (36) | 1 (20) |
| PD1 inhibitor type | ||||
| Atezolizumab | 347 (58) | 322 (57) | 25 (69) | 4 (80) |
| Avelumab | 99 (16) | 93 (17) | 6 (17) | 0 |
| Durvalumab | 153 (26) | 148 (26) | 5 (14) | 1 (20) |
| Malignancy | ||||
| Thoracic | 255 (43) | 244 (43) | 11 (31) | 2 (40) |
| Genitourinary | 117 (19) | 106 (19) | 11 (31) | 3 (60) |
| Gynecological | 67 (11) | 61 (11) | 6 (17) | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal | 64 (11) | 61 (11) | 3 (8) | 0 |
| Breast | 38 (6) | 36 (6) | 2 (5) | 0 |
| Other | 58 (10) | 55 (10) | 3 (8) | 0 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PD1, programmed cell death 1 receptor; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1.
Baseline characteristics for ‘All patients’ are shown as a percentage of the overall cohort (N = 599). For the outcomes, sustained AKI and immune checkpoint inhibitor−related AKI, the percentage of events in each subgroup is presented. The first sustained AKI event was specified as the outcome for each patient. Comorbid conditions, including hypertension and cirrhosis, were determined by International Classification of Diseases Ninth or Tenth Revision codes appearing at least twice in the electronic medical record. Diagnosis of diabetes was determined by either a hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% or by prescription of a glucose-lowering medication and a diagnosis code for diabetes. Other than race being unknown in a few patients, there were no missing demographic or comorbidities data.
In univariable models comparing demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who experienced “sustained AKI” vs. those who did not, only baseline proton pump inhibitor exposure (0.05) was significant at a P value of <0.10. This was included in the multivariable model for “sustained AKI” along with other clinically important variables that were determined a priori to be exposures of interest.