Table 2.

Ambulance service characteristics – training and occupation of EMS ambulance personnel

Country	Ambulance personnel ALS trained?	What is the occupation of the majority of EMS personnel?	Do physicians provide patient care as part of EMS?	Can ALS trained ambulance personnel perform the following interventions without a physician present on scene?
				Secure airways with supraglottic or endotracheal tubes	Intravenous or intraosseous drug therapy	Manual defibrillation	Semi-automatic defibrillation
Albania	Some	Emergency physician	Sometimes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Austria	All	EMT	Routinely	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Belgium	Some	EMT	Routinely	No	No	No	Yes
Cyprus	All	Emergency nurse / nurse	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Czech Republic	Some	Emergency nurse / nurse	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Denmark	All	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Finland	Some	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
France	Some	Other	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Germany	All	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greece	Some	EMT	Sometimes	No	No	No	No
Hungary	Some	Emergency nurse / nurse	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Iceland	Some	EMT	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ireland	All	Paramedic	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Italy	Some	Emergency nurse / nurse	Routinely	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Lithuania	Some	Emergency nurse / nurse	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Luxembourg	Some	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	No	No	Yes
Netherlands	All	Emergency nurse / nurse	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Norway	All	Paramedic	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Poland	All	Paramedic	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Portugal	Some	EMT	Routinely	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Romania	Some	Emergency nurse / nurse	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Serbia	Some	Emergency physician	Routinely	No	No	No	No
Slovakia	All	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Slovenia	All	Emergency nurse / nurse	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spain	All	Emergency physician	Routinely	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sweden	All	Emergency nurse / nurse	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Switzerland	All	Paramedic	Routinely	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
United Kingdoma	Some	Paramedic	Sometimes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

The answers are for the entire country which means that the answers “Some” and “Sometimes” indicate this is not implemented in all EMS services in the entire country

Abbreviations: EMS Emergency Medical Services, EMT Emergency Medical Technician, ALS – Advanced Life Support

^aUnited Kingdom excluding Wales