Table 3.

Artificial biomimetic surface.

Substratum Material	Natural Templates	Fabrication Method	Geometrical Features	Wettability	Bactericidal Efficacy	Lethality	Reference
Silicon	Dragonfly	Reactive-ion beam etching	Height 500 nm	Hydrophilic Contact angle 80°	Killing rate P. aeruginosa: 4.3 × 105 per cm−2min−1 S. aureus: 4.5 × 105 per cm−2min−1 B. subtilis: 1.4 × 105 per cm−2min−1	Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Spores	[62]
Silicon	Dragonfly	Deep reactive ion etching	Height 4 μm Diameter 220 nm	Hydrophobic Contact angle 154°	86% of S. aureus and 83% of E. coli were non-viable after 3 h incubation	Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Mammalian cell	[66]
PMMA	Cicada	Soft lithography	Height 210–300 nm Spacing 100–380 nm Width 70–215 nm	N/A	E. coli: 16–141% higher dead fraction than a flat film	Gram-negative bacteria	[67]
Silicon	Cicada	Metal assisted etching	Height 200 nm Pitch 200 nm Width 150 nm		E. coli: 24 h from 3.9 × 106 CFU/mL to 1 CFU/mL	Gram-negative bacteria	[68]
Quartz	N/A	Nanosphere lithography	Height 300 nm Apex diameter 10 nm	Hydrophilic Contact angle ~ 0°	Kill ~38,000 P. aeruginosa and ~27,000 E. coli cm−2min−1	Gram-negative bacteria	[69]
PMMA	Moth-eye	Thermal polymer nanoimprint	Height 350 nm Width 80 nm Pitch 250 nm Aspect ratio 4.3	Hydrophobic 135 ± 4°	Percentage of non-viable bacteria are 55%, 45%, 30% for S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa respectively	Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria	[70]
Silicon	Cicada	Deep ultraviolet immersion lithography Plasma etching	Diameter 35 nm Periodicity 90 nm Increasing height 220, 360, 420 nm	N/A	360 nm-height 95 ± 5% P. aeruginosa and 83 ± 12% S. aureus cell death	Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria	[59]