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. 2020 Oct 16;10(10):e038232. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038232

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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Age patterns of depression (PHQ-9 score) for mature adults, 2012 to 2013. Notes: PHQ-9 depression score by age for women and men. Figure shows marginal means (with 95% CIs) obtained by regressing the respective mental health score on a cubic function of age, separately by sex. Analyses are pooled across 2012 and 2013 MLSFH-MAC surveys. CIs are adjusted for clustering within respondents. Analyses control for schooling, region and MLSFH-MAC wave. Religion is not controlled for because it is essentially collinear with region in the MLSFH-MAC; marital status is not controlled for because it is time-variant and endogenous with respect to mental health. MLSFH-MAC, Mature Adults Cohort of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health; PHQ-9,9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.