Table 1.

Potentially useful traditional drugs (originally indicated or proposed for other diseases) for COVID-19.

Type	Drug	Component	Mode of Action	Original Indication or Proposed Usage
Anti-virus	Remdesivir [29,30,31,32,33]	Adenosine nucleotide analogs	Viral application inhibitor	A broad-spectrum antiviral against Ebola viruses
	Hydroxy-chloroquine, Chloroquine [34,35,36,37]	4-aminoquinoline	Change the pH of endosomes and prevents viral entry, transport and postentry events	Malaria prophylaxis, autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatic diseases)
	Lopinavir/Ritonavir [38,39]	C37H48N4O5/C37H48N6O5S2	Protease inhibitor	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
	Favipiravir [40,41]	Pyrazine carboxamide derivative	RNA polymerase inhibitors	Influenza
	Ivermectin [42]	Mixture of 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1b	Nuclear import of host and viral proteins inhibitor	Parasite infestation including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, lymphatic filariasis
Anti-symptom	Tocilizumab [43,44,45], Sarilumab [46], Eculizumab [47]	Monoclonal antibody	Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor, to block cytokine storm	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Bevacizumab [48,49]	Monoclonal antibody	Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) inhibitor	Angiogenesis of cancer cells
	Ruxolitinib [50,51]	(3R)-3-cyclopentyl-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)pyrazol-1-yl] propanenitrile	Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor	Myelofibrosis