Table 1.
Risk factors for children who are developmentally vulnerable on one or more AEDC domains (DV1)
| Characteristic | DV1 | NDV1 | Bivariate | Multivariable | ||
| (N=431) | (N=1225) | (N=1352) | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age at time of child’s birth (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 105 (24.36) | 117 (9.55) | 9.66 (3.68 to 25.32) | <0.001 | 7.06 (2.29 to 21.76) | <0.001 |
| 25–29 | 90 (20.88) | 294 (24.00) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 30–34 | 130 (30.16) | 476 (38.86) | 0.81 (0.38 to 1.72) | 0.576 | 0.89 (0.38 to 2.07) | 0.780 |
| ≥35 | 106 (24.59) | 338 (27.59) | 1.06 (0.48 to 2.36) | 0.886 | 1.19 (0.47 to 2.99) | 0.715 |
| Overall P value | <0.001 | Overall P value | 0.003 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married (inc. de facto) | 357 (82.83) | 1123 (91.67) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| All Other | 72 (16.71) | 98 (8.00) | 5.99 (2.43 to 14.75) | <0.001 | 2.26 (0.76 to 6.71) | 0.140 |
| Unavailable | 2 (0.46) | 4 (0.33) | ||||
| Occupational status scale at time of child’s birth | ||||||
| 0–20 | 122 (28.31) | 187 (15.27) | 5.58 (2.71 to 11.46) | <0.001 | 1.83 (0.79 to 4.26) | 0.159 |
| >20–100 | 279 (64.73) | 1006 (82.12) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Unavailable | 30 (6.96) | 32 (2.61) | ||||
| Pregnancy and birth | ||||||
| Fertility treatments | ||||||
| No | 377 (87.47) | 1011 (82.53) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 54 (12.53) | 214 (17.47) | 0.43 (0.19 to 0.97) | 0.042 | 0.84 (0.32 to 2.23) | 0.729 |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 339 (78.65) | 1079 (88.08) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 92 (21.35) | 146 (11.92) | 4.31 (1.95 to 9.53) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.34 to 2.27) | 0.779 |
| Pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| No | 375 (87.01) | 1085 (88.57) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 56 (12.99) | 140 (11.43) | 1.40 (0.59 to 3.34) | 0.444 | 1.82 (0.68 to 4.88) | 0.237 |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||
| No | 402 (93.27) | 1152 (94.04) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 29 (6.73) | 73 (5.96) | 1.30 (0.40 to 4.22) | 0.657 | 1.15 (0.33 to 4.09) | 0.826 |
| Threatened abortion | ||||||
| No | 416 (96.52) | 1156 (94.37) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 15 (3.48) | 69 (5.63) | 0.36 (0.09 to 1.45) | 0.151 | 0.23 (0.04 to 1.35) | 0.103 |
| Other pregnancy-related complications | ||||||
| No | 125 (29.00) | 451 (36.82) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 306 (71.00) | 774 (63.18) | 2.08 (1.12 to 3.85) | 0.020 | 1.79 (0.85 to 3.79) | 0.129 |
| Threatened preterm labour | ||||||
| No | 376 (87.24) | 1088 (88.82) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 55 (12.76) | 137 (11.18) | 1.34 (0.55 to 3.24) | 0.519 | 0.68 (0.25 to 1.83) | 0.446 |
| APH | ||||||
| No | 411 (95.36) | 1187 (96.90) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 20 (4.64) | 38 (3.10) | 2.38 (0.53 to 10.73) | 0.260 | 0.67 (0.12 to 3.85) | 0.650 |
| Placenta praevia* | ||||||
| No | 429 (99.54) | 1217 (99.35) | ||||
| Yes | 2 (0.46) | 8 (0.65) | ||||
| Placental abruption* | ||||||
| No | 427 (99.07) | 1223 (99.84) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (0.93) | 2 (0.16) | ||||
| Fetal distress | ||||||
| No | 382 (88.63) | 1136 (92.73) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 49 (11.37) | 89 (7.27) | 2.92 (1.13 to 7.58) | 0.028 | 1.76 (0.60 to 5.13) | 0.301 |
| Cephalopelvic disproportion* | ||||||
| No | 431 (100.00) | 1221 (99.67) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.33) | ||||
| Prolapsed cord* | ||||||
| No | 428 (99.30) | 1215 (99.18) | ||||
| Yes | 3 (0.70) | 10 (0.82) | ||||
| Precipitate delivery* | ||||||
| No | 424 (98.38) | 1206 (98.45) | ||||
| Yes | 7 (1.62) | 19 (1.55) | ||||
| PPH ≥500 mL | ||||||
| No | 281 (65.20) | 918 (74.94) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 150 (34.80) | 307 (25.06) | 2.59 (1.39 to 4.82) | 0.003 | 1.52 (0.73 to 3.16) | 0.260 |
| TSR ≥2 min | ||||||
| No | 364 (84.45) | 1060 (86.53) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 67 (15.55) | 165 (13.47) | 1.06 (0.56 to 1.99) | 0.863 | 0.52 (0.22 to 1.21) | 0.128 |
| Apgar 5 min<7* | ||||||
| No | 425 (98.61) | 1198 (97.80) | ||||
| Yes | 6 (1.39) | 27 (2.20) | ||||
| Intubation | ||||||
| No | 353 (81.90) | 1036 (84.57) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 78 (18.10) | 189 (15.43) | 1.36 (0.75 to 2.45) | 0.313 | 1.54 (0.71 to 3.37) | 0.277 |
| Early preterm birth | ||||||
| No | 352 (81.67) | 1058 (86.37) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 79 (18.33) | 167 (13.63) | 2.08 (0.94 to 4.56) | 0.069 | 1.29 (0.53 to 3.15) | 0.579 |
| POBW <15th percentile | ||||||
| No | 305 (70.77) | 926 (75.59) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 81 (18.79) | 136 (11.10) | 2.09 (1.14 to 3.84) | 0.017 | 2.06 (1.07 to 3.98) | 0.031 |
| Unavailable | 45 (10.44) | 163 (13.31) | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 150 (34.80) | 512 (41.80) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 1 | 154 (35.73) | 429 (35.02) | 1.62 (0.83 to 3.16) | 0.158 | 1.96 (0.77 to 5.00) | 0.159 |
| ≥2 | 127 (29.47) | 284 (23.18) | 2.50 (1.20 to 5.22) | 0.015 | 2.03 (0.55 to 7.48) | 0.288 |
| Overall P value | 0.048 | Overall P value | 0.351 | |||
| Child | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 176 (40.84) | 674 (55.02) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Male | 255 (59.16) | 551 (44.98) | 4.44 (2.68 to 7.36) | <0.001 | 5.08 (2.89 to 8.92) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Other | 385 (89.33) | 1187 (96.90) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Indigenous Australian | 46 (10.67) | 38 (3.10) | 16.98 (4.85 to 59.46) | <0.001 | 2.46 (0.46 to 13.03) | 0.291 |
| Child speaks language other than English at home | ||||||
| No | 367 (85.15) | 1149 (93.80) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 64 (14.85) | 76 (6.20) | 6.28 (2.48 to 15.90) | <0.001 | 6.45 (2.17 to 19.17) | <0.001 |
| Age category at time of AEDC completion † | ||||||
| 1 | 109 (25.29) | 212 (17.31) | 2.93 (1.45 to 5.90) | 0.003 | 3.34 (1.55 to 7.22) | 0.002 |
| 2 | 288 (66.82) | 911 (74.37) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 3 | 34 (7.89) | 102 (8.33) | 1.18 (0.43 to 3.27) | 0.746 | 0.77 (0.23 to 2.54) | 0.666 |
| Overall P value | 0.011 | Overall P value | 0.006 | |||
| Total number of siblings | ||||||
| 1 | 119 (27.61) | 389 (31.76) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 2 | 160 (37.12) | 494 (40.33) | 1.15 (0.58 to 2.30) | 0.685 | 0.70 (0.27 to 1.83) | 0.461 |
| 3 | 74 (17.17) | 240 (19.59) | 1.04 (0.45 to 2.41) | 0.926 | 0.44 (0.13 to 1.55) | 0.120 |
| >3 | 78 (18.10) | 102 (8.33) | 7.28 (2.73 to 19.45) | <0.001 | 2.71 (0.60 to 12.22) | 0.194 |
| Overall P value | <0.001 | Overall P value | 0.025 | |||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | 327 (75.87) | 1046 (85.39) | 3.55 (1.62 to 7.78) | 0.002 | 1.63 (0.66 to 4.02) | 0.287 |
| >Lowest quintile | 87 (20.19) | 150 (12.24) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Unavailable | 17 (3.94) | 29 (2.37) | ||||
*Excluded from multivariable analysis due to small N.
†Age categories classified as (1) ≥3 years 10 months to <5 years and 1 month, (2) ≥5 years and 1 month to <5 years and 10 months (reference category), (3) ≥5 years and 10 months to <6 years 10 months.
AEDC, Australian Early Development Census; aOR, adjusted OR; APH, antepartum haemorrhage; DV1, developmentally vulnerable on one or more AEDC domains; NDV1, not developmentally vulnerable on one or more AEDC domains; POBW, proportion of optimal birth weight; PPH, postpartum haemorrhage; TSR, time to spontaneous respiration.