Table 2.
Risk factors for children who are developmentally vulnerable on two or more AEDC domains (DV2)
| Characteristic | DV2 | NDV2 | Bivariate | Multivariable | ||
| (N=223) | (N=1433) | (N=1352) | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age at time of child’s birth (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 63 (28.25) | 159 (11.10) | 7.81 (2.60 to 23.45) | <0.001 | 5.60 (1.30 to 24.10) | 0.021 |
| 25–29 | 48 (21.52) | 336 (23.45) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 30–34 | 64 (28.70) | 542 (37.82) | 0.65 (0.26 to 1.63) | 0.356 | 0.92 (0.29 to 2.91) | 0.885 |
| ≥35 | 48 (21.52) | 396 (27.63) | 0.67 (0.25 to 1.81) | 0.434 | 0.77 (0.22 to 2.76) | 0.689 |
| Overall P value | <0.001 | Overall P value | 0.072 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married (inc. de facto) | 172 (77.13) | 1308 (91.28) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| All other | 49 (21.97) | 121 (8.44) | 9.91 (3.54 to 27.77) | <0.001 | 4.59 (1.13 to 18.55) | 0.033 |
| Unavailable | 2 (0.90) | 4 (0.28) | ||||
| Occupational status scale at time of child’s birth | ||||||
| 0–20 | 78 (34.98) | 231 (16.12) | 8.82 (3.72 to 20.89) | <0.001 | 3.30 (1.11 to 9.81) | 0.032 |
| >20–100 | 130 (58.30) | 1155 (80.60) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Unavailable | 15 (6.73) | 47 (3.28) | ||||
| Pregnancy and birth | ||||||
| Fertility treatments | ||||||
| No | 200 (89.69) | 1188 (82.90) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 23 (10.31) | 245 (17.10) | 0.35 (0.13 to 0.97) | 0.042 | 0.67 (0.17 to 2.69) | 0.567 |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 166 (74.44) | 1252 (87.37) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 57 (25.56) | 181 (12.63) | 5.83 (2.32 to 14.65) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.38 to 4.30) | 0.700 |
| Pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| No | 195 (87.44) | 1265 (88.28) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 28 (12.56) | 168 (11.72) | 1.25 (0.41 to 3.86) | 0.693 | 2.45 (0.65 to 9.17) | 0.184 |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||
| No | 208 (93.27) | 1346 (93.93) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 15 (6.73) | 87 (6.07) | 1.44 (0.32 to 6.42) | 0.635 | 2.29 (0.46 to 11.44) | 0.312 |
| Threatened abortion | ||||||
| No | 214 (95.96) | 1358 (94.77) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 9 (4.04) | 75 (5.23) | 0.54 (0.10 to 2.94) | 0.478 | 0.24 (0.02 to 3.08) | 0.274 |
| Other pregnancy related complications | ||||||
| No | 57 (25.56) | 519 (36.22) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 166 (74.44) | 914 (63.78) | 2.64 (1.22 to 5.69) | 0.014 | 1.64 (0.58 to 4.61) | 0.351 |
| Threatened preterm labour | ||||||
| No | 191 (85.65) | 1273 (88.83) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 32 (14.35) | 160 (11.17) | 2.04 (0.66 to 6.29) | 0.216 | 0.72 (0.20 to 2.61) | 0.613 |
| APH | ||||||
| No | 209 (93.72) | 1389 (96.93) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 14 (6.28) | 44 (3.07) | 5.96 (0.95 to 37.40) | 0.057 | 1.45 (0.36 to 5.87) | 0.599 |
| Placenta praevia* | ||||||
| No | 223 (100.00) | 1423 (99.30) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 10 (0.70) | ||||
| Placental abruption* | ||||||
| No | 221 (99.10) | 1429 (99.72) | ||||
| Yes | 2 (0.90) | 4 (0.28) | ||||
| Fetal distress | ||||||
| No | 195 (87.44) | 1323 (92.32) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 28 (12.56) | 110 (7.68) | 3.03 (0.90 to 10.23) | 0.074 | 1.56 (0.59 to 4.15) | 0.368 |
| Cephalopelvic disproportion* | ||||||
| No | 223 (100.00) | 1429 (99.72) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.28) | ||||
| Prolapsed cord* | ||||||
| No | 220 (98.65) | 1423 (99.30) | ||||
| Yes | 3 (1.35) | 10 (0.70) | ||||
| Precipitate delivery* | ||||||
| No | 219 (98.21) | 1411 (98.46) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (1.79) | 22 (1.54) | ||||
| PPH ≥500 mL | ||||||
| No | 141 (63.23) | 1058 (73.83) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 82 (36.77) | 375 (26.17) | 3.43 (1.49 to 7.94) | 0.004 | 1.38 (0.16 to 11.79) | 0.766 |
| TSR ≥2 min | ||||||
| No | 183 (82.06) | 1241 (86.60) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 40 (17.94) | 192 (13.40) | 1.78 (0.81 to 3.89) | 0.149 | 0.91 (0.30 to 2.72) | 0.863 |
| Apgar 5 min<7* | ||||||
| No | 219 (98.21) | 1404 (97.98) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (1.79) | 29 (2.02) | ||||
| Intubation | ||||||
| No | 178 (79.82) | 1211 (84.51) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 45 (20.18) | 222 (15.49) | 1.91 (0.90 to 4.05) | 0.093 | 1.53 (0.54 to 4.35) | 0.429 |
| Early preterm birth | ||||||
| No | 172 (77.13) | 1238 (86.39) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 51 (22.87) | 195 (13.61) | 4.18 (1.50 to 11.67) | 0.006 | 2.06 (0.64 to 6.58) | 0.224 |
| POBW <15th percentile | ||||||
| No | 162 (72.65) | 1069 (74.60) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 42 (18.83) | 175 (12.21) | 2.72 (1.25 to 5.93) | 0.012 | 3.11 (1.26 to 7.64) | 0.014 |
| Unavailable | 19 (8.52) | 189 (13.19) | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 79 (35.43) | 583 (40.68) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 1 | 73 (32.74) | 510 (35.59) | 1.18 (0.51 to 2.76) | 0.700 | 1.12 (0.31 to 4.04) | 0.861 |
| ≥2 | 71 (31.84) | 340 (23.73) | 2.66 (1.04 to 6.83) | 0.042 | 3.61 (0.61 to 21.22) | 0.155 |
| Overall P value | 0.109 | Overall P value | 0.283 | |||
| Child | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 83 (37.22) | 767 (53.52) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Male | 140 (62.78) | 666 (46.48) | 5.42 (2.79 to 10.55) | <0.001 | 7.87 (3.45 to 17.97) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Other | 197 (88.34) | 1375 (95.95) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Indigenous Australian | 26 (11.66) | 58 (4.05) | 11.00 (2.78 to 43.60) | <0.001 | 2.32 (0.32 to 16.84) | 0.404 |
| Child speaks language other than English at home | ||||||
| No | 192 (86.10) | 1324 (92.39) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Yes | 31 (13.90) | 109 (7.61) | 3.19 (0.96 to 10.63) | 0.059 | 4.65 (1.14 to 19.03) | 0.033 |
| Age category at time of AEDC completion | ||||||
| 1 | 66 (29.60) | 255 (17.79) | 4.11 (1.80 to 9.39) | <0.001 | 5.36 (1.94 to 14.82) | 0.001 |
| 2 | 142 (63.68) | 1057 (73.76) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 3 | 15 (6.73) | 121 (8.44) | 0.95 (0.26 to 3.46) | 0.942 | 0.28 (0.05 to 1.70) | 0.167 |
| Overall P value | 0.003 | Overall P value | 0.001 | |||
| Total number of siblings | ||||||
| 1 | 58 (26.01) | 450 (31.40) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| 2 | 84 (37.67) | 570 (39.78) | 1.35 (0.57 to 3.19) | 0.489 | 1.26 (0.34 to 4.71) | 0.733 |
| 3 | 38 (17.04) | 276 (19.26) | 1.14 (0.40 to 3.24) | 0.810 | 0.47 (0.08 to 2.70) | 0.395 |
| >3 | 43 (19.28) | 137 (9.56) | 7.14 (2.24 to 22.72) | <0.001 | 2.52 (0.34 to 18.73) | 0.366 |
| Overall P value | 0.006 | Overall P value | 0.175 | |||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | 175 (78.48) | 1198 (83.60) | 2.14 (0.76 to 6.02) | 0.151 | 0.68 (0.21 to 2.25) | 0.529 |
| >Lowest quintile | 39 (17.49) | 198 (13.82) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||
| Unavailable | 9 (4.04) | 37 (2.58) | ||||
All bold face values are statistically signficant.
*Excluded from multivariable analysis due to small N.
†Age categories classified as: (1) ≥3 years 10 months to <5 years and 1 month, (2) ≥5 years and 1 month to <5 years and 10 months (reference category), (3) ≥5 years and 10 months to <6 years 10 months.
AEDC, Australian Early Development Census; aOR, adjusted OR; APH, antepartum haemorrhage; DV2, developmentally vulnerable on two or more AEDC domains; NDV2, not developmentally vulnerable on two or more AEDC domains; POBW, proportion of optimal birth weight; PPH, postpartum haemorrhage; TSR, time to spontaneous respiration.