Table 1.

Main constituents, traditional uses and biological activities described for V. cheiranthifolium, V. songaricum, V. speciosum, and V. thapsus.

Species	Traditional Use	Biological Activity	Metabolites
Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss.	Rheumatism, eczema, earache, menstrual pains, haemorrhoids, oedema, earache and arthralgia [18]	Antioxidant [18], anti-inflammatory [19], anti-ulcerogenic [20], cytotoxic [21], insecticide [22,23], and antimicrobial effects [24].	Aucubin (43), catalpol, 6-O-(E)-coumaroylaucubin, and 6-O-[(E)-p-methoxycinnamoyl]aucubin (1) [25]
Verbascum songaricum Schrenk	Emmenagogue and to cure infertility [26]	antibacterial [27] and antifungal activities [28]	3-O-{[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-olea-11,13-diene-3β,23,28-triol (songarosaponin A) (2), 3-O-{[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fuco-pyranosyl}-olea-11-ene-3β,13,23,28-tetrol (songarosaponin B), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-13β,28-epoxyolea-11-ene-3β,23-diol (songarosaponin C), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-13β,28-epoxyolea-11-ene-3β,16β,23-triol (songarosaponin D), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-olea-11,13-diene-3β,23,28-triol (songarosaponin E), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-olea-11,13-diene-3β,16β,23,28-tetrol (songarosaponin F), and 3-O-{[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-fucopyra- nosyl}-13β,28-epoxyolea-11-ene-3β,16β,23-triol (buddlejasaponin I) [29,30,31]. Poliumoside and verbascoside (3) inhibited mammalian DNA polymerases [32]
Verbascum speciosum Schrad.	Skin diseases and wound bacterial infection [33]	insecticidal [33], antibacterial [34], antifungal [35] and wound healing potential [36]	Palmitic and oleic acids, (3β,5α)-stigmasta-7,25-dien-3-ol [37]
Verbascum thapsus L. [38]	Although mullein has a long history as a favored herbal remedy for the treatment of many disorders [39,40,41,42], high-quality clinical researches have not been conducted so far, and there is no approved drug from this plant [43]. The traditional uses of V. thapsus have generally focused on effects aimed at wound healing [44,45,46], and treating Parkinson’s disease [47], diabetes [48,49,50], bronchitis [51], stomachache [52], snake bites [52], spasmodic cough [46], skin diseases [53], asthma [54], and joint pains [54]. The plant is also used as astringent [46] and sedative remedy [55].	antioxidant [49,50,56], antibacterial [39,57,58,59], antiviral [60,61,62,63], anthelmintic [64,65], antihepatitis [66,67], anti-trichomonas [68,69], and anti-leishmanial effects [70].	Luteolin (4) [71], apigetrin (apigenin 7-O-glucoside) (5) [71], 5-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoyl(1→3)-[β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl luteolin [72], and the dimer amentoflavone (6) [73]. verbathasin A (7) [71], ningpogenin (8) [71], 10-deoxyeucommiol (9) [71], jioglutolide (10) [71], 6β-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]Δ8-9-nonen-1-one (11) [71], (+)-genipin (12) [73], α-gardiol (13) and β-gardiol (14) [73]. Other characteristic terpenoids are buddlindeterpene A-C (15–17) [73], and 3α-hydroxy-drimmanyl-8-methanoate [74]. Iridoid glycosides include lateroside (18) [73,75,76], harpagoside (19) [71,73,75,76], compounds 20–41 [75], ajugol (42) [71,73,75,76], aucubin (43) [74,76], 6-O-β-xyloxyl aucubin [74], 8-cinnamoylmyoporoside (44) [71] and picroside IV (45) [73]. Lignan glycosides include compounds 46–50 [77], whereas phenylethanoid glycosides include compounds 51–56 [77], alyssonoside (57) [77,78], leucosceptoside B (58) [77,78], verbacoside (3) [73,78], leucosceptoside A (59) [78], martynoside (60) [78], samioside (61) [78], and isoverbascoside (62) [78]. Sterones and saponins include 24α-methyl-5α-cholestan-3-one, 24-ξ-ethyl-5α-cholestan-22-en-3-one, 24-ξ-ethyl-5β-cholestan-22-en-3-one, 24-ξ-ethyl-5α-cholestan-7-en-3-one, 24α-ethyl-5α-cholestan-Δ7,22-dien-3-one, 24-ξ-ethyl-5α-cholestan-3-one, 24-ξ-ethyl-5β-cholestan-3-one [74], and 3-O-fucopyranosylsaikogenin F (63) [71].Verbascoside (3) exhibited anti-inflammatory properties [79], whereas luteolin (4) and saponin 63 induced apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells [71].