Table 3.

Multinomial logistic regression of factors associated with undiagnosed vs diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D). German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008–2011 (DEGS1)

	Undiagnosed T2D vs diagnosed T2D		P value
	OR*	95% CI
Sex
Men vs women	1.74	1.10 to 2.76	0.019
Age, per year	0.96	0.93 to 0.99	0.003
Community size
Rural/Small cities vs middle/large cities	1.52	0.82 to 2.81	0.182
Region
West vs East Germany	2.46	1.06 to 5.70	0.036
Education
Primary vs middle/high	1.16	0.69 to 1.96	0.572
Living alone
Yes vs no	1.80	1.07 to 3.01	0.026
Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2)
Yes vs no	1.30	0.76 to 2.21	0.340
Currently smoking
Smoking vs not smoking	0.95	0.49 to 1.87	0.892
Alcohol use
Moderate drinking vs no use	1.89	0.90 to 3.97	0.092
Risky drinking vs no use	1.26	0.54 to 2.95	0.597
Sports activity
No sports vs any sports	0.86	0.49 to 1.52	0.598
Parental history of diabetes
Yes vs no	0.64	0.38 to 1.09	0.098
PHQ-9
With vs without depressive symptoms	0.67	0.27 to 1.68	0.393
Hyperlipidemia
Yes vs no	1.14	0.70 to 1.86	0.589
Hypertension
Yes vs no	0.81	0.48 to 1.39	0.448
Visiting a doctor within the past year
No vs yes	4.50	1.85 to 10.97	0.001

Hyperlipidemia: defined as total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L or currently using lipids-lowering drugs for the treatment of physician-diagnosed hyperlipidemia.

Hypertension: defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (18.7 kPa) or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg (12.0 kPa) or currently using antihypertensive drugs for the treatment of physician-diagnosed hypertension.

*Odds ratios (ORs) based on relative risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) obtained from multinomial logistic regression. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p<0.05 level. Results were weighted to the population of 31 December 2010.

BMI, body mass index; PHQ-9, 9-item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire.