Immunoblots of recombinant barley XanL and Ycf54 produced in E. coli ArticExpress (DE3). (a) His-tagged XanL and non-His-tagged Ycf54 were co-produced from plasmid pETDuet-1. (b) Only His-tagged XanL was produced from pETDuet-1. TL, total lysate; P, pellet; S, supernatant; FT, flow through; WB, wash with binding buffer; WW, wash with wash buffer; M, marker; E2D, elution fraction 2 (desalted); M, marker; E1, elution fraction 1; E3, elution fraction 3. The molecular weight of the marker proteins is indicated (kDa). To ensure comparable loading between experiments, samples S, E2D, E1, and E3 were standardized to a protein concentration of 1 mg/mL prior to loading. Samples TL, P, and FT were loaded on an equal volume basis as the corresponding S.