Table A1.

Summary of some parameters used in the simulation

Parameters	Value	Ref
Size of membrane surface	910 nm × 910 nm
Membrane bending rigidity κ	20 kB T	73
Membrane characteristic tension σ	0.001 pN / nm	74
Clathrin bending rigidity κcla	200 kB T	75
Clathrin intrinsic curvature Hcla	0.036 nm−1	51
Transferrin receptor length	9.3 nm	76
Transferrin receptor radius	5 nm	76
Antibody length	9 nm	77
Antibody radius	2.5 nm	77
Number of transferrin receptors on luminal side	300	78
Equilibrium free energy change ΔG0	−8.64e−20 J	79
Reactive compliance (reaction cut-off distance)	0.9 nm	79
Receptor flexural rigidity EI	7000 pN · nm2	80
System temperature	298 K