Table 1.

Known Clausius–Mossotti (CM) factor equations employed in micro, nano, and molecular regime.

	Type of Cells or Particles	Formula
Micro Scale	Solid Sphere [44]	$\frac{{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}}$
	Two Shell ellipsoid [52]	$\frac{{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}}{3{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}+{\mathrm{A}}_i\left({\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}\right)}$
	Typical cell (single shell) [53]	${\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{cm}}{}^{*}\frac{{\left(\frac{r_{ext}}{r_{ext}-t{h}_{cm}}\right)}^3+2\left(\frac{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}\right)}{{\left(\frac{r_{ext}}{r_{ext}-t{h}_{cm}}\right)}^3-\left(\frac{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}\right)}$
Submicro/Nano Scale	Bacteria [45,52,53] Virus [50,54] Exosomes [55,56]	$\frac{{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{*}}$ or ${\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}\frac{{\left(\frac{r_{ext}}{r_{ext}-t{h}_{cm}}\right)}^3+2\left(\frac{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}\right)}{{\left(\frac{r_{ext}}{r_{ext}-t{h}_{cm}}\right)}^3-\left(\frac{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}-{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}{{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cp}{}^{*}+2{\widetilde{ϵ}}_{cm}{}^{*}}\right)}$
Molecular Scale	Proteins [45] DNA [45] Biomolecules [45]	$\left(\frac{{\mathsf{ϵ}}_m-1}{{\mathsf{ϵ}}_m+2}\right)\frac{1}{\rho }=\frac{N_A\alpha }{3M{ϵ}_0}$

* ${\mathrm{A}}_i$ is a depolarization component factor along ellipsoid axis (i = x, y, z); * $r_{ext}$—external radius of cell; $t{h}_{cm}$—thickness of cell membrane; ${\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{cp}}$—cell cytoplasm complex permittivity; * ${\widetilde{\mathsf{ϵ}}}_{\mathrm{cm}}$—cell membrane complex permittivity.