Table 4.
Plantar pressure distribution variables during gait of each group (control and intervention).
| Plantar Pressure During Gait | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region of Interest | Parameters | Control Group | Control Effect | Intervention Group | Intervention Effect | ||||
| Baseline (n = 15) |
T12 (n = 15) |
p Value | Difference (CI 95%) | Baseline (n = 15) |
T12 (n = 15) |
p Value | Difference (CI 95%) | ||
| Toes | CA [cm2] | 9.3 (4.0) | 9.1 (3.8) | 0.675 | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.3) | 7.4 (3.2) | 8.1 (3.0) | 0.291 | −0.7 (−2.2 to 0.7) |
| MF [%BW] | 6.3 (3.7) | 6.7 (4.1) | 0.523 | −0.4 (−1.9 to 0.9) | 6.3 (5.7) | 6.0 (3.8) | 0.751 | 0.3 (−1.6 to 2.1) | |
| PP [kPa] | 174 (111) | 174 (103) | 0.994 | 0.1 (−37.1 to 37.4) | 268 (172) | 244 (136) | 0.494 | 24.0 (−50.1 to 98.2) | |
| CT [ms] | 562 (162) | 501 (124) | 0.060 | 61.2 (8.9 to 113.6) | 519 (119) | 578 (58) | 0.025 * | −59.2 (−122.4 to 3.9) | |
| PTI [(kPa)·s] | 58.0 (44.4) | 50.8 (32.8) | 0.279 | 7.2 (−6.7 to 21.0) | 64.3 (47.0) | 73.7 (35.2) | 0.233 | −9.4 (−25.8 to 6.9) | |
| FTI [%BW·s] | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.541 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.346 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | |
| Hallux | CA [cm2] | 9.5 (2.3) | 9.7 (2.2) | 0.655 | −0.2 (−1.2 to 0.8) | 10.0 (2.2) | 10.9 (2.2) | 0.073 | −0.9 (−1.6 to 0.08) |
| MF [%BW] | 11.9 (7.4) | 12.2 (5.8) | 0.789 | −0.3 (−2.6 to 1.9) | 16.9 (9.4) | 15.1 (8.7) | 0.511 | 1.8 (−2.3 to 4.3) | |
| PP [kPa] | 297 (246) | 291 (232) | 0.859 | 6.1 (−66.8 to 7.9) | 415 (274) | 424 (273) | 0.766 | −9.0 (−118.7 to 89.8) | |
| CT [ms] | 512 (201) | 493 (182) | 0.587 | 19.1 (−55.5 to 93.7) | 526 (141) | 571 (151) | 0.371 | −45.2 (−159.6 to 64.6) | |
| PTI [(kPa)·s] | 90.8 (92.1) | 86.2 (91.2) | 0.624 | 4.6 (−15.3 to 24.6) | 112.5 (96.3) | 122.5 (83.0) | 0.456 | −10.0 (−60.6 to 29.1) | |
| FTI [%BW·s] | 3.5 (3.1) | 3.4 (2.8) | 0.786 | 0.1 (−0.7 to 0.9) | 3.8 (2.5) | 4.1 (2.3) | 0.331 | −0.3 (−1.5 to 0.5) | |
| Forefoot | CA [cm2] | 52.9 (9.9) | 53.5 (10.2) | 0.302 | −0.6 (−1.7 to 0.6) | 48.6 (7.3) | 49.0 (7.0) | 0.485 | −0.3 (−1.4 to 0.7) |
| MF [%BW] | 103.3 (7.3) | 106.7 (9.5) | 0.070 | −3.4 (−7.2 to 0.4) | 98.2 (11.6) | 102.2 (6.3) | 0.194 | −4.0 (−10.2 to 2.3) | |
| PP [kPa] | 709 (202) | 771 (254) | 0.090 | −62.5 (−136.6 to 11.6) | 790 (273) | 959 (244) | 0.001 * | −169.1 (−225.2 to −82.7) | |
| CT [ms] | 736 (92) | 704 (110) | 0.134 | 31.3 (−11.2 to 73.7) | 698 (131) | 711 (94) | 0.589 | −12.8 (−63.1 to 37.5) | |
| PTI [(kPa)·s] | 255.2 (74.2) | 262.8 (104.8) | 0.652 | −7.6 (−43.6 to 28.3) | 302.1 (146.3) | 365.4 (160.0) | 0.006 * | −63.3 (−105.5 to −21.2) | |
| FTI [%BW·s] | 41.6 (6.2) | 40.7 (6.4) | 0.482 | 0.9 (−1.8 to 3.7) | 37.0 (7.9) | 40.2 (6.9) | 0.056 | −3.2 (−6.5 to 1.1) | |
| Midfoot | CA [cm2] | 30.3 (8.2) | 30.2 (8.1) | 0.987 | −0.0 (−0.9 to 0.8) | 26.7 (9.3) | 27.4 (9.9) | 0.404 | −0.7 (−2.5 to 1.1) |
| MF [%BW] | 27.0 (8.2) | 26.1 (7.5) | 0.393 | 0.9 (−1.4 to 3.3) | 25.1 (15.2) | 26.8 (17.0) | 0.269 | −1.7 (−4.9 to 1.5) | |
| PP [kPa] | 167 (63) | 166 (54) | 0.863 | 0.9 (−10.9 to 12.9) | 233 (155) | 291 (229) | 0.231 | −57.6 (−156.8 to 41.7) | |
| CT [ms] | 577 (105) | 561 (122) | 0.448 | 16.1 (−28.5 to 60.5) | 594 (100) | 569 (111) | 0.464 | 25.2 (−47.3 to 97.5) | |
| PTI [(kPa)·s] | 68.6 (28.5) | 62.2 (24.8) | 0.047 * | 6.4 (0.1 to 12.7) | 80.4 (56.8) | 90.7 (53.4) | 0.430 | −10.3 (−37.8 to 17.2) | |
| FTI [%BW·s] | 9.3 (3.2) | 8.2 (2.7) | 0.052 | 1.1 (−0.0 to 2.2) | 8.9 (6.9) | 9.0 (6.0) | 0.773 | −0.1 (−1.6 to 1.2) | |
| Heel | CA [cm2] | 34.6 (5.1) | 35.0 (4.5) | 0.248 | −0.4 (−1.1 to 0.3) | 34.0 (5.1) | 33.8 (5.4) | 0.684 | 0.2 (−0.7 to 1.0) |
| MF [%BW] | 63.1 (10.7) | 68.5 (8.7) | 0.049* | −5.4 (−11.2 to 0.3) | 71.0 (19.3) | 66.7 (17.2) | 0.271 | 4.3 (−3.8 to 12.4) | |
| PP [kPa] | 392 (193) | 459 (261) | 0.049 * | −66.7 (−133.2 to −0.3) | 441 (165) | 455 (146) | 0.551 | −14.2 (−64.7 to 36.2) | |
| CT [ms] | 513 (83) | 500 (137) | 0.640 | 12.6 (−44.5 to 69.7) | 467 (194) | 482 (105) | 0.704 | −15.4 (−101.7 to 70.9) | |
| PTI [(kPa)·s] | 103.7 (40.9) | 118.5 (78.6) | 0.294 | −14.8 (−44.2 to 14.6) | 110.3 (39.0) | 111.7 (41.4) | 0.828 | −1.4(−14.8 to 12.1) | |
| FTI [%BW·s] | 17.5 (3.9) | 18.6 (4.3) | 0.362 | −1.1 (−3.4 to 1.3) | 19.1 (5.6) | 17.6 (5.9) | 0.288 | 1.5 (−1.4 to 4.4) | |
Data are presented as mean (SD) and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). * and bold p values represents difference between baseline and T12 within the group. p values related to paired t-test. CA—contact area; MF—maximum normalized force; PP—peak pressure; CT—contact time; PTI—peak-time integral; FTI—force-time integral.