Table 7.
Analysis of the processing algorithm, performance evaluation, and software for the studies of the environmental category.
| Study 1 | Algorithm | Performance Evaluation | Performance Value | Analysis Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Wahedi 2019 [163] | Frequency analysis | Manual verification Relative error |
4–14% (RE) | Labview |
| Chen 2019 [164] | Zero-crossing detection | Mean squared error | 1.23 bpm | - |
| Gunaratne 2019 [165] | Wavelet transform Fuzzy logic |
Relative error | 6.2% | - |
| Guo 2019 [166] | Wavelet transform | Cross-correlation | 0.76–0.85 | - |
| Isono 2019 [167] | Custom algorithm | Linear regression Bland-Altman analysis |
0.969 (r2) 0.07–0.17 bpm (BA, MOD) |
LabChart MATLAB |
| Ivanovs 2019 [168] | Neural networks | Others | - | - |
| Joshi 2019 [169] | - | Correlation factor Root mean square error Bland-Altman analysis |
0.74 (correlation) 4.7 bpm (RMSE) −0.36 (BA, MOD) |
- |
| Krej 2019 [170] | Machine learning methods | Root mean square error Bland-Altman analysis |
1.48 bpm (RMSE) 0.16 bpm (BA, MOD) |
C# R |
| Lorato 2019 [171] | Frequency analysis | Root mean square error Bland-Altman analysis |
1.59 bpm (RMSE) | MATLAB |
| Massaroni 2019 [172] | Custom algorithm | Absolute error Standard error Percentage error Bland-Altman analysis |
0.39 bpm (AE) 0.02 bpm (SE) 0.07% (PE) −0.01 bpm (BA, MOD) |
MATLAB |
| Park 2019 [173] | Frequency analysis | Accuracy Bland-Altman analysis |
99.4% (Acc) | MATLAB |
| Walterscheid 2019 [174] | Peak detection | Graphical comparison | - | - |
| Wang 2019 [175] | Custom algorithm | Absolute error Relative error |
0.3 bpm (AE) 2% (RE) |
MATLAB |
| Xu 2019 [176] | Custom algorithm | Absolute error Correlation factor |
0.11 bpm (AE) 0.95 (correlation) |
- |
| Yang 2019 [177] | Custom algorithm | Absolute error | 0.3–0.6 bpm | - |
| Chen 2018 [178] | Custom algorithm | Accuracy | 98.65% | - |
| Chen 2018 [179] | Frequency analysis | Graphical comparison | - | Mobile app |
| Massaroni 2018 [180] | Threshold detection Zero-crossing detection Custom algorithm |
Correlation factor Bland-Altman analysis Percentage error Others |
0.97 (correlation) 0.01 bpm (BA, MOD) 5.5% (PE) |
MATLAB |
| Massaroni 2018 [181] | Peak detection | Relative error | 2% | MATLAB |
| Sadek 2018 [182] | Peak detection Custom algorithm |
Correlation factor Bland-Altman analysis Mean absolute error |
0.78 (correlation) 0.38 bpm (MAE) |
- |
1 Note: The analysis for studies published before 2018 [5,6,7,9,10,19,48,50,51,52,53,54,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234] is included in Appendix A (Table A5).