Table A1.
Analysis of techniques, sensors, breathing parameters, and sensor locations and sizes for studies of the wearable category published before 2018.
| Study | Technique | Sensor | Measured Parameter | Location | Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agcayazi 2017 [123] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | - | Chest (shirt) | - |
| Aileni 2017 [134] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest | - |
| Basra 2017 [145] | Air temperature | Pyroelectric | RR | Nose (nostril) | - |
| Bhattacharya 2017 [156] | Air temperature | Thermistor | RR | Mouth mask | - |
| Das 2017 [162] | Air temperature | Thermistor | - | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Fajkus 2017 [83] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR | Chest | - |
| Gorgutsa 2017 [84] | Chest wall movements | Frequency shift | Monitoring of breathing | Chest (shirt) | - |
| Guay 2017 [85] | Chest wall movements | Frequency shift | Monitoring of breathing | Chest (shirt) | 20 × 10 cm |
| Kam 2017 [86,87,88] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | Monitoring of breathing | Chest | - |
| Kano 2017 [89] | Air humidity | Nanocrystal and nanoparticles | - | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Koch 2017 [90] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | Monitoring of breathing | Abdomen | - |
| Milici 2017 [91] | Air temperature | Thermistor | RR Monitoring of respiratory diseases |
Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Nakazumi 2017 [92] | Respiratory air flow | Photoelectric | Monitoring of breathing | Mouth mask (diving) | - |
| Park 2017 [93] | Abdomen movements | Capacitive | Monitoring of breathing | Waist | 20 × 10 × 1 mm (electrode) |
| Presti 2017 [94] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR Respiratory period |
Chest and abdomen (shirt, front and back) |
1.5 cm |
| Valipour 2017 [95] | Respiratory sounds | Microphone | RR | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| White 2017 [96] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | RR | Chest (below left pectoral muscle) | - |
| Yan 2017 [97] | Air humidity | Nanocrystal and nanoparticles | Monitoring of breathing | Mouth (4 cm away) | 5 × 2 × 1 mm |
| Mahbub 2016–2017 [98,99] | Chest wall movements | Piezoelectric | RR | Chest | 1.6 × 1.6 cm |
| Chethana 2016 [100] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR | Chest (interspace of pulmonic area) | |
| Güder 2016 [101] | Air humidity | Nanocrystal and nanoparticles | Monitoring of breathing | Mouth mask | - |
| Lepine 2016 [102] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer ECG |
RR | Chest | - |
| Massaroni 2016 [103] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | Respiratory period | Chest and abdomen (textile) |
1 cm |
| Massaroni 2016 [49] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR TV Compartmental volume |
Chest and abdomen (shirt) |
10 × 10 cm |
| Moradian 2016 [104] | Air temperature | Pyroelectric | Monitoring of breathing | Nose (below) | - |
| Nag 2016 [105] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | Monitoring of breathing | Chest (diaphragm) | 50 mm2 |
| Nam 2016 [106] | Respiratory sounds | Microphone | RR | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Raji 2016 [107] | Air temperature | Thermistor | RR Monitoring of respiratory diseases |
Mouth mask | - |
| Ramos-García 2016 [108] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest (shirt) | 23 × 4 cm |
| Rotariu 2016 [109] | Chest wall movements | Piezoelectric | RR Monitoring of respiratory diseases |
Chest | - |
| Atalay 2015 [110] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest Abdomen |
2.7 × 9.3 cm |
| Ciocchetti 2015 [111] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | TV | Chest | - |
| Estrada 2015 [112] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer | RR | Chest | - |
| Gargiulo 2015 [113] | Chest wall/ abdomen movements | Resistive | TV | Chest and abdomen (shirt) |
5 × 7cm (4 units) |
| Grlica 2015 [114] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | - | Chest | 4.5 × 1.7 cm |
| Hernandez 2015 [115] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer Gyroscope | RR | Wrist | - |
| Jiang 2015 [116] | Air temperature | Pyroelectric | MV, peak inspiratory flow, RR, TV | Nose (below) | 5 × 25 × 100 mm |
| Karlen 2015 [117] | Modulation cardiac activity | PPG | RR | Finger (on sensor) | - |
| Kazmi 2015 [118] | Modulation cardiac activity | PPG | RR | Finger (on sensor) | - |
| Metshein 2015 [21] | Modulation cardiac activity | ECG | RR | Chest (electrode shirt) | 8 × 17cm (electrode surface) |
| Teichmann 2015 [119] | Chest wall movements | Transthoracic impedance | RR | Chest (pocket of shirt) | 10 × 8 cm |
| Wei 2015 [120] | Air temperature | Other (micro electro-mechanical sensor) | Respiration detection | Nose (5 cm away) | 1.8 × 2.4 mm |
| Yang 2015 [3] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR | Chest | 70 cm (belt) |
| Bifulco 2014 [121] | Chest wall movements | Piezoelectric | Monitoring of breathing | Chest | - |
| Fekr 2014 [122] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer | RR TV |
Chest (middle sternum region) | - |
| Hesse 2014 [124] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest | 3 × 1.96 × 2.8 cm |
| Krehel 2014 [125] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR | Chest (different regions) | - |
| Min 2014 [126] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | RR | Waist | 83 × 3.86 × 0.135 cm |
| Petrovic 2014 [127] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | MV TV |
Chest (lower third of the thorax) | - |
| Sanchez 2014 [128] | Air temperature | Fiber optic | Monitoring of breathing | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Wo 2014 [129] | Abdomen movements | Fiber optic | RR | Abdomen | - |
| Yang 2014 [130] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | RR | Chest Abdomen |
10 × 1 cm |
| Yoon 2014 [131] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer Gyroscope | RR | Chest | - |
| Chan 2013 [132] | Chest wall movements Modulation cardiac activity |
Accelerometer ECG |
RR | Chest | - |
| Huang 2013 [133] | Air temperature | Pyroelectric | RR | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
- |
| Kundu 2013 [161] | Chest wall/ abdomen movements | Capacitive | RR | Chest and abdomen (anterior and posterior region) | 9 × 13 cm 16 × 16 cm 5 × 5 cm |
| Padasdao 2013 [135] | Chest wall movements | DC generator | RR | Chest | Coin size |
| Cao 2012 [2] | Air temperature | Pyroelectric | RR, MV, peak inspiration flow, TV | Nose (near) Mouth (near) |
7 × 4.5 × 1.8 cm |
| Chiu 2012 [136] | Chest wall movements | Piezoelectric | RR | Chest | 48 × 19 × 4 mm |
| Favero 2012 [137] | Air humidity | Nanocrystal and nanoparticles | Monitoring of breathing | Mouth mask (3 cm from nose) | |
| Mathew 2012 [138] | Air humidity | Nanocrystal and nanoparticles | Monitoring of breathing | Nose (5 cm away) | 1 mm length |
| Scully 2012 [139] | Modulation cardiac activity | PPG | RR | Finger (on sensor) | - |
| Trobec 2012 [140] | Modulation cardiac activity | ECG | RR | Chest (different regions) | - |
| Witt 2012 [141] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | Monitoring of breathing | Chest | 1 cm (elastic part) |
| Zieba 2012 [142] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest (shirt) | - |
| Carlos 2011 [143] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR Coughing events |
Chest and abdomen (shirt) | 5.3 × 3.2 cm |
| Ciobotariu 2011 [144] | Chest wall movements | Piezoelectric | RR Monitoring of respiratory diseases |
Chest | 28 cm |
| Guo 2011 [146] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR | Chest | 10 × 0.25 cm |
| Hoffmann 2011 [17] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | Respiration pattern TV (among others) |
Chest | 3 × 3 cm |
| Liu 2011 [147] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | RR, MV | Abdomen | - |
| Liu 2011 [148] | Abdomen movements | Accelerometer | RR | Abdomen | 23 mm diameter |
| Mann 2011 [149] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer | RR Respiratory disease monitoring |
Neck (Midclavicular line and lower costal margin intersection) | - |
| Ono 2011 [150] | Chest wall movements | Accelerometer | RR | Chest | - |
| Silva 2011 [151] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | RR | Chest (shirt) | - |
| Yang 2011 [152] | Chest wall movements | Capacitive | Respiration pattern | Chest Abdomen |
- |
| Yoo 2010–2011 [153,154,155] | Air temperature Abdomen movements |
Fiber optic | Monitoring of breathing | Nose (below) Abdomen |
- |
| Ansari 2010 [157] | Modulation cardiac activity | ECG | RR | Arm Forearm |
- |
| De Jonckheere 2010 [158] | Chest wall movements | Fiber optic | Monitoring of breathing | Chest Abdomen |
- |
| Mitchell 2010 [159] | Chest wall movements | Resistive | Respiration pattern | Chest Abdomen |
- |
| Zhang 2010 [160] | Chest wall movements | Frequency shift | Respiration signal | Chest | - |