Table A4.
Analysis of the processing algorithm, performance evaluation, and software for the studies of the wearable category published before 2018.
| Study | Algorithm | Performance Evaluation | Performance Value | Analysis Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agcayazi 2017 [123] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Aileni 2017 [134] | - | - | - | - |
| Basra 2017 [145] | Frequency analysis | Graphical monitoring | - | MATLAB |
| Bhattacharya 2017 [156] | Threshold detection | Graphical comparison | - | Blynk |
| Das 2017 [162] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | Audacity |
| Fajkus 2017 [83] | Frequency analysis | Relative error | 3.9% | MATLAB |
| Gorgutsa 2017 [84] | Received signal strength indicator | Graphical monitoring | - | Custom application |
| Guay 2017 [85] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | Labview |
| Kam 2017 [86,87,88] | - | Relative error | <4.08% | Labview MATLAB |
| Kano 2017 [89] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Koch 2017 [90] | Custom algorithm | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Milici 2017 [91] | Peak detection | Graphical comparison | - | - |
| Nakazumi 2017 [92] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Park 2017 [93] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | MATLAB |
| Presti 2017 [94] | Max-min detection | Bland-Altman analysis | 0.006–0.008 bpm (BA MOD) | MATLAB |
| Valipour 2017 [95] | - | Root mean square error Bland-Altman analysis |
1.26 bpm (RMSE) 0.1 bpm (BA, MOD) |
- |
| White 2017 [96] | Frequency analysis | - | - | MATLAB |
| Yan 2017 [97] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Mahbub 2016–2017 [98,99] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Chethana 2016 [100] | Frequency analysis | - | - | - |
| Güder 2016 [101] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Lepine 2016 [102] | Kalman filter | Absolute error | 2.11–5.98 bpm | MATLAB |
| Massaroni 2016 [103] | Max-min detection | Bland-Altman analysis Percentage error |
<0.14 s (BA, MOD) 1.14% (PE) |
- |
| Massaroni 2016 [49] | Max-min detection Custom algorithm |
Relative error | −1.59% (RE for RR) 14% (RE for TV) |
MATLAB |
| Moradian 2016 [104] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Nag 2016 [105] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Nam 2016 [106] | Frequency analysis | Mean relative error | <1% | MATLAB |
| Raji 2016 [107] | Threshold detection | Root mean square error | 1.7–2 bpm | - |
| Ramos-García 2016 [108] | Peak detection Frequency analysis |
Correlation factor | 0.41 | - |
| Rotariu 2016 [109] | Peak detection | - | - | LabWindows/CVI |
| Atalay 2015 [110] | Frequency analysis | - | - | |
| Ciocchetti 2015 [111] | Peak detection Custom algorithm Manual verification |
Correlation factor Percentage error Bland-Altman analysis |
0.87 (correlation) 8.3% (PE) <0.002 s (BA, mean difference, time between peaks) |
MATLAB |
| Estrada 2015 [112] | Peak detection Custom Algorithm |
Correlation factor Bland-Altman analysis |
0.8–0.97 (correlation) −0.01 bpm (BA, MOD) |
MATLAB |
| Gargiulo 2015 [113] | - | Relative error | <10% | MATLAB |
| Grlica 2015 [114] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | C# |
| Hernandez 2015 [115] | Max-min detection Frequency analysis |
Bland-Altman analysis Mean absolute error Root mean square error |
0.15 bpm (BA, MOD) 0.38 bpm (MAE) 1.25 bpm (RMSE) |
- |
| Jiang 2015 [116] | Custom algorithm | Respiration simulation | - | - |
| Karlen 2015 [117] | Custom algorithm | Bland-Altman analysis Root mean square error |
6.01 bpm (RMSE) | MATLAB |
| Kazmi 2015 [118] | - | Graphical comparison | - | Easy pulse analyzer Cool term software Kuvios HRV |
| Metshein 2015 [21] | - | Graphical comparison | - | - |
| Teichmann 2015 [119] | Frequency analysis (Frequency modulation) Custom algorithm |
Graphical comparison | - | Microcontroller |
| Wei 2015 [120] | - | - | - | - |
| Yang 2015 [3] | Manual verification | Graphical comparison | - | Labview |
| Bifulco 2014 [121] | - | - | - | - |
| Fekr 2014 [122] | Numeric integration algorithm | Correlation factor Relative error |
0.85 (correlation) 0.2% (RE) |
- |
| Hesse 2014 [124] | Peak detection | Mean absolute error | 0.32 bpm | Microcontroller |
| Krehel 2014 [125] | - | Correlation factor Bland-Altman analysis |
±3 bpm (BA) | MATLAB |
| Min 2014 [126] | Peak detection Custom Algorithm |
Correlation factor Bland-Altman analysis |
0.98 (correlation) 0.0015 bpm (BA, MOD) |
MATLAB |
| Petrovic 2014 [127] | - | Mean relative error Bland-Altman analysis |
8.7% (RE-MV-) 10.5% (RE-TV-) −1 (BA, MOD) |
MATLAB Labview |
| Sanchez 2014 [128] | - | - | - | - |
| Wo 2014 [129] | Frequency analysis | - | - | Labview |
| Yang 2014 [130] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | - |
| Yoon 2014 [131] | Kalman filter | Relative error | 7.3% | MATLAB Labview |
| Chan 2013 [132] | - | Absolute error | <2 bpm | - |
| Huang 2013 [133] | - | Accuracy | 98.8% | - |
| Kundu 2013 [161] | - | Accuracy Coefficient of determination |
100% (acc) 0.906 (r2) |
- |
| Padasdao 2013 [135] | Frequency analysis (Fast Fourier Transform) | Bland-Altman analysis Mean absolute error |
0.23–0.48 bpm (BA, MOD) 0.00027 bpm (MAE) |
- |
| Cao 2012 [2] | Peak detection | Graphical comparison | - | Labview |
| Chiu 2012 [136] | Frequency analysis | Paired t-test | No statistical difference with reference | MATLAB |
| Favero 2012 [137] | - | - | - | - |
| Mathew 2012 [138] | Zero-crossing detection | Graphical monitoring | - | Labview |
| Scully 2012 [139] | Frequency analysis (Frequency modulation) | Graphical comparison | - | MATLAB |
| Trobec 2012 [140] | ECG-derived algorithm | - | - | MATLAB |
| Witt 2012 [141] | - | Graphical comparison | - | - |
| Zieba 2012 [142] | Manual verification | - | - | Labview |
| Carlos 2011 [143] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | Custom application |
| Ciobotariu 2011 [144] | Max-min detection Custom algorithm |
Graphical comparison | - | C# |
| Guo 2011 [146] | Peak detection | Simulation Graphical comparison |
- | Labview |
| Hoffmann 2011 [17] | Custom algorithm | Correlation factor Relative error |
0.92 (correlation) | - |
| Liu 2011 [147] | Empirical Mode Decomposition | Mean percentage error Root mean square error |
6.1%, 14.6% (MPE) 4.1 bpm, 9.8 bpm (RMSE) |
- |
| Liu 2011 [148] | Principal Component Analysis Frequency analysis |
Relative error | 10% | - |
| Mann 2011 [149] | Threshold detection | Correlation factor | 0.97 | - |
| Ono 2011 [150] | Custom algorithm | Displacement comparison | - | Objective-C |
| Silva 2011 [151] | Frequency analysis | Graphical comparison | - | - |
| Yang 2011 [152] | - | - | - | - |
| Yoo 2010–2011 [153,154,155] | - | Graphical monitoring | - | Labview |
| Ansari 2010 [157] | Frequency analysis | - | - | - |
| De Jonckheere 2010 [158] | - | Graphical comparison Bland-Altman analysis |
- | - |
| Mitchell 2010 [159] | Manual verification | Graphical comparison | - | Physput |
| Zhang 2010 [160] | - | Biofeedback (audiovisual feedback signal) | - | MATLAB |