Table 4.

Case study design.

Case Study Design Activity	Case Study
Goal	Assessing the effectiveness of the method Assessing the practicality of the method
Research Questions	RQ1. To which extent do the defined digital twin patterns support the system architecture design? RQ2. How practical is the method for applying the digital twin patterns?
Background and source	Official requirements documents Project managers and system architects
Data Collection	Indirect data collection and direct data collection through document analysis and unstructured interviews
Data Analysis	Qualitative data analysis