Table 1.

Overview of procedures for measuring spasticity according to topology.

Category	Scale	Principle	Outcome
Observational	Ashworth Scale	Rating the resistance to manually limb mobilization	0–4 scale (1-point extra in modified version)
	Tardieu Scale	Rating the resistance to manually limb mobilization and the angle where this resistance occurs	0–4 scale (1-point extra in modified version) + Two angles (R1, R2)
	Pendulum test	Observing a muscle’s response and oscillations to sudden stretch imposed by gravity	There is no accepted scale (observation-based rating)
	Tone Assessment Scale (TAS)	Evaluating the resting posture, the response to passive movement and the response to active efforts (multi-item)	0–4 scale
Self-reported	Penn Spasm Frequency Scale	Counting the number of spasms experienced in a specified time frame	0–4 scale
	Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)	Self-appreciation of severity of their symptoms	0–10 scale
Instrumented	Ultrasound muscle elastography	Examining the mechanical elastic properties of tissues	5-point scale
	Instrumented Hofmann’s reflex	Measuring the threshold spinal reflex reaction by electromyography (EMG)	H-reflex
	Instrumented Pendulum Scale	Markers are adhered to limb and the trial is videotaped to allow computerized motion analysis	Angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration response
	Instrumented Tardieu Scale	Integrating biomechanical and electrophysiological signals during limb mobilization	Joint angle and torque + surface electromyography