Table 3.
Blockchain for networking layer issues in vehicular IoT.
| Purpose | Publication | Research Summary |
|---|---|---|
| Decentralization | Li et al. [63] | A data sharing approach that combines the ciphertext-based attribute encryption, Ethereum blockchain, and the interplanetary file system technologies, in VANETs. |
| Zhang et al. [64] | A permissioned blockchain-based approach for SDN in VANETs. | |
| Security | Zhang et al. [65] | A consortium blockchain-based scheme for VANETs to solve the risk of malicious tampering. |
| Rawat et al. [66] | An integration of blockchain technology and named data networking to provide privacy-aware and secure data communication in distributed vehicular networks. | |
| Wang et al. [67] | A permissioned blockchain-enabled framework for secure content delivery in connected vehicle environments. | |
| Chen et al. [68] | A double-layer blockchain for secure data sharing in vehicular named data networks. Multiples RSUs maintain a consortium blockchain to satisfy the need of data sharing among different vehicle groups. | |
| Zhang et al. [69] | A blockchain-based approach to avoid content poisoning by verifying the content name, publisher public key digest, and content digest. | |
| Shrestha et al. [70] | A discussion on the security risks of a regional blockchain in VANETs. | |
| Incentive | Wang et al. [71] | A blockchain-based incentive scheme for vehicular energy networks. |
| Li et al. [72] | A blockchain-based incentive announcement network called CreditCoin that improves the motivation of users in sharing traffic information. | |
| Wang et al. [73] | A blockchain-based rewarding scheme to improve the incentive of battery-powered vehicles for contributing services in vehicle-to-grid networks. |