Table 4.
Blockchain for application layer issues in vehicular IoT (Part 1).
| Purpose | Publication | Research Summary |
|---|---|---|
| Decentralization | Pokhrel and Choi [74] | A blockchain-based approach to enable federated learning in a decentralized vehicular environment. |
| Zhang et al. [75] | A consortium blockchain-based traffic signal control scheme for VANETs toward intelligent transportation systems. | |
| Su et al. [76] | A decentralized data sharing scheme for disaster rescue purposes in UAV-assisted vehicular networks. | |
| Shen et al. [77] | A consortium blockchain-based decentralized system for VSNs. | |
| Ma et al. [78] | A blockchain-based approach to decentralize the key management process in VANETs. | |
| Fu et al. [79] | A blockchain-based approach for achieving the decentralization of the NFV functionalities. | |
| Wang et al. [80] | A blockchain-based private parking slot sharing scheme. | |
| Zhang et al. [81] | A blockchain-based parking system to achieve reliability and fairness in smart parking. | |
| Deng and Gao [82] | A blockchain-based payment system for VANETs. | |
| Hassija et al. [83] | A lightweight blockchain for energy trading platform in vehicle-to-grid networks. | |
| Yao et al. [84] | A permissioned blockchain-based approach for identity-as-a-service in vehicular cloud computing scenarios involving multiple distributed clouds. | |
| Liu et al. [85] | An adaptive EV participation scheme based on blockchain to motivate EVs to participate in energy trading for the purpose of balancing energy usage and costs. | |
| Hassija et al. [86] | A decentralized parking slot scheduling algorithm based on DAG. | |
| Hassija et al. [87] | A decentralized energy trading framework between UAVs and charging stations based on DAG. | |
| Security/Privacy | Gabay et al. [88] | A privacy-aware authentication scheme based on blockchain and zero-knowledge proofs for EVs in the charging process. |
| Iqbal et al. [89] | A blockchain-based decentralized trust management scheme for task offloading in VANETs. | |
| Xu et al. [90] | A remote attestation model for trusted computing in vehicular environments. | |
| Huang et al. [91] | A blockchain to achieve better securities in vehicular fog computing. | |
| Liang et al [92] | A two-layer blockchain scheme for intrusion detection systems in vehicular networks. | |
| Li et al. [93] | A blockchain-based scheme that combines the Merkle hash tree with smart contracts to mitigate the “free-riding” attacks in an advertisement dissemination scenario through V2X communications. | |
| Wang et al. [94] | A blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for IoV. | |
| Lu et al. [95] | A blockchain-based solution for privacy-preserving authentication in VANETs. | |
| Feng et al. [96] | A consortium blockchain-assisted authentication scheme for message verification in VANETs. | |
| Zheng et al. [97] | A blockchain-based secure authentication scheme for V2X communication to eliminate forged messages and preserve the privacy of vehicles. |