Table 6.

Main characteristics of existing blockchain studies. Pub., publication; SC, smart contract; Mgmt., management; N/W, network.

IoT layer	Pub.	SC	Consensus	Mgmt. Entity	Evaluation	N/W Architecture	Throughput
Perception	[57]	✓	DPoS	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[58]	–	PoS with PoW	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[59]	–	PoE	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[60]	–	PoW with PBFT	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[61]	–	PoS with PoW	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
Networking	[63]	✓	–	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[64]	✓	DPoS	Server	Simulation	Server-based	Moderate
	[65]	✓	PoW with PBFT	RSU	Theoretical	RSU-based	Moderate
	[66]	–	–	Vehicle	Simulation	Distributed	Moderate
	[67]	–	PoR with PoW	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[68]	✓	PoW	RSU and vehicle	Simulation	Hierarchical	Moderate
	[69]	–	Self-designed	GCS and UAV	Simulation	Hierarchical	Moderate
	[70]	–	PoW	Vehicle	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[71]	–	PoR	Charging station	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[72]	–	PBFT	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[73]	✓	–	RSU	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
Application	[74]	–	PoW	RSU or Vehicle	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[75]	✓	BFT	RSU	Theoretical	RSU-based	Moderate
	[76]	–	DPoS	UAV or Vehicle	Simulation	Distributed	Moderate
	[77]	✓	-	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[78]	✓	PoW	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[79]	–	BFT	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[80]	–	–	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[81]	✓	–	Server	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[82]	✓	–	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[83]	✓	DAG	Vehicle or server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Good
	[84]	–	Self-designed	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[85]	✓	–	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[86]	✓	DAG	Vehicle or others	Simulation	Distributed	Good
	[87]	✓	DAG	UAV or others	Simulation	Distributed	Good
	[88]	✓	–	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[89]	–	PoET	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[90]	–	–	Vehicle or others	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[91]	✓	PoW	RSU or server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[92]	–	BFT and PoW	Server	Simulation	Hierarchical	Moderate
	[93]	✓	–	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[94]	✓	BFT	Server	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[95]	–	PoP	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[96]	✓	PBFT	Server	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[97]	–	–	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[98]	✓	BFT	–	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[99]	–	Self-designed	GCS	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[100]	–	PBFT	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[101]	✓	PoW	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[102]	✓	–	Charging station	Experiment	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[103]	–	–	–	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[104]	✓	–	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[105]	–	–	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[106]	✓	PBFT	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[107]	–	–	Server	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[108]	✓	PBFT	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[109]	–	BFT	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[110]	–	–	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[111]	–	DPoS	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate
	[112]	–	PBFT	Server	Simulation	Infrastructure-based	Moderate
	[113]	–	DPoS	RSU	Simulation	RSU-based	Moderate