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. 2020 Sep 15;25(18):4236. doi: 10.3390/molecules25184236

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

Schematic representation of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) (X—halide: Br or Cl, M—transition metal, L—complexing ligand, Y—oxidation state, kact—activation rate constant, kdeact—deactivation rate constant, kp —propagation rate constant) based on the example of phosphonic acid monomer.