Table 2.
The application of organophosphorus resin in separation processes—a collection of chosen papers.
| P-Containing Functional Group | Polymer | Application/Features | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Phosphoric acid | Cellulose phosphate | Sorption from 4N-acid: high affinity for Th4+, Ti4+, U4+, Ce4+, Fe3+, ZrO2+, UO22+ | [29] |
| Cation exchanger in calcium-hydrogen cycle | [30] | ||
| Adsorption of proteins | [33] | ||
| Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) functionalized with phosphoric acid | Selective resins (lithium adsorbed in preference to sodium and potassium, better adsorption of hard-Lewis cations from acidic media, highest selectivity towards lead) | [38] | |
| Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) functionalized with phosphoric acid or phosphorus oxychloride | Resins with high cation exchange capacity, salt splitting capacity, and adsorption capacity for Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ca2+, and Ag+; RGP obtained from poly(glycidyl methacrylate) – high adsorption capacity for Al3+, Fe3+, and UO22+; phosphoric acid functionalization – higher selective adsorption for Li+ than for Na+ | [40] | |
| Phosphonic acid | D2EHPA/TOPO impregnated resins, ion exchange resin containing aminophosphonic acid groups | Uranium removal – D2EHPA/TOPO resins are not affected by the presence of Fe2+, which reduces uranium to the tetravalent oxidation state, prevents uranium sorption. | [89,90] |
| α-, β -, and γ-ketophosphonate polymer-supported resins | Sorption of metal ions (Eu(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ag(II)) from nitric acid | [41] | |
| Bifunctional ion-exchange resins synthesized from vinylbenzyl chloride– styrene copolymers: Arbuzov reaction followed by sulfonation | Eu(III) sorption from acidic solutions | [51] | |
| Non-ionic phosphorylated resin diethyl polystyrene-methylenephosphonate (EPMP) | Selective adsorption of hexavalent uranium | [54] | |
| Bifunctional aminomethylphosphonic acid resins (Mannich reaction) | Sorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Eu(III)—cadmium ion complexation shows the greatest bifunctional effect, | [63] | |
| Ion-exchange/chelating resins with aminomethylphosphonate groups (Fields-Kabatschnik reaction) | The removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) | [64] | |
| Diphonix® | Uranium removal (after 2h—20.7%, 24h—18.0% from 40% H3PO4) | [68] | |
| Actinides ion removal from very acidic solutions | [101] | ||
| Uptake of various transition and post-transition metal ions; a very high affinity for Fe(III) and Cr(III) in very acidic solutions | [113] | ||
| Gallium(III) and indium(III) recovery | [105] | ||
| Chelating diphosphonic acid groups are grafted to a silica support to overcome some of the problems associated with the stripping of actinide elements from the resin (Diphosil) | [106] | ||
| Diphonix A – additional strong base anion exchange groups; the uptake of Se(IV), tri-, tetra- and hexa-valent actinides and pertechnetate anions | [108] | ||
| The of uptake of several actinide ions [Am(III), U(VI), Th(IV), Np(IV) and Pu(IV)] and of some transition-metal ions [Co(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Cr(III)] at tracer concentration level; | [111] | ||
| Bifunctional resin consisting of phosphonic acid and quaternary amine groups | Sorption of barium, calcium, silver cations; changing the associated anion allows for control of the ionic recognition process | [99] | |
| Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride-co-styrene-co-divinylbenzene) functionalized with the sodium salt of tetra(isopropyl) methylene diphosphonate | Eu(III) sorption; highly selective resins with rapid complexation kinetics: 99.7% Eu(III) complexed from a 1M nitric acid solution with a 30-min contact time | [104] | |
| Diphosphonate | Chelating resin with diphosphonate groups synthesized from the tetraethylester of 1,1-vinylidenediphosphonic acid | Eu(III) sorption: sulfonic acid ion exchange resin complexes 14.3% Eu(III), diphosphonate-based polymer complexes 96.5% from a 1N HNO3/0.4N NaNO3 solution | [107] |
| Phosphate and phosphonate diesters | Polymer-supported phosphonate and phosphate diester ligands | The complexation of uranium(VI) e.g., the expanded gel resin - phosphorylated pentaerythritol: 99% complexation within 20 min | [83] |
| Polystyrene-divinylbenzene matrix with methylenediphosphonate, carboxylate, and sulfonate functional groups | Exceptionally high affinity for polyvalent cations even from moderately acidic aqueous media | [110] | |
| Phosphonic acid, phosphonate ester | Resins with phosphonic acid/phosphonate ester ligands and phosphonic acid/tertiary amine ligand on PS support | Americum extraction | [79] |
| Phosphonates, phosphinic acid | Bifunctional polymer resins (I DMBP, II DMBP, compared with monofunctional resins) | Metal-specific reactions, polymers with high level of ionic recognition; phosphinic ligands—ability to control the recognition mechanism through the reduction reaction with Hg(II); phosphonic resin—sorption of Ag, Hg and Fe in different conditions—high complexation of Fe; complexation of Fe is adversely affected by the presence of diester ligands | [102] |
| Phosphinic acid | Bifunctional phosphinic acid ion-exchange/redox resins | Dual mechanism sorption (ion-exchange and metal-ion reduction) of Ag(I) and Hg(II): after a 9-h contact time with Ag(I) ions and a 2-h contact time with Hg(II) ions all of the primary acid sites are oxidized | [71] |
| Phenylphosphinic acid resins (Michael reaction) | the removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Mg(II) and Ca(II) from nitric acid solutions | [72,76] | |
| Dihydroxyphosphino- and/or phosphono groups | The macroreticular chelating resins containing dihydroxy-phosphino and/or phosphono groups | Recovery of uranium from sea water—e.g., the average recovery ratios of uranium from sea water with Na-form and H-form RCSP on 10 recycles: 84.9% and 90.5%, respectively | [86,87] |