Figure 1. Overview of experimental design.

Barcoded yeast strains were used for proof-of-concept fitness assays (A) and experimental evolution plus fitness quantification (B). Gray boxes indicating one day (10 generations). The proof-of-concept fitness assay (A) measured fitness by the change in frequency of 91 barcoded strains simultaneously in a pooled population with 10 replicate pools. Experimental evolution (C) was of 76 populations, each initiated with two barcoded strains per population and experiencing one of six different treatments that had either 11 or 21 replicate populations per treatment. During the 25-day, 250- generation, experimental evolution (C), evolutionary dynamics samples were collected at generations 0, 100, 150, 200, 220, 240, and 250 (cyan arrows). Fitness of the ancestral (D) and evolved (E) strains were quantified via (2-day, 20-generation) fitness assays (red arrows) conducted in several pools (9-23 barcodes per pool), each with four replicates.