Table 3.
Connectivity changes associated with excitatory protocols (5Hz, 10Hz, 20Hz, iTBS, and eQPS) for active rTMS, sham rTMS, and the interaction between active and sham rTMS. Empty cells indicate there was no control condition or that the results were not reported. The direction columns indicates whether the study reported increases (“+”), decreases (“−”) or no change (“Ø”) in resting-state connectivity. Location indicates where the changes in connectivity were observed: in or out of network, as defined by the stimulation target.
| Studies: | Stimulated Target | Stimulated Network: | Targeting Approach | Active |
Control condition |
Active vs. Control |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| direction | location | Type | direction | location | direction | location | ||||
| 5Hz | ||||||||||
| Chou et al. (2015) | L-M1 | SM | Hot Spot | + | In and Out (all) | Flipped coil | − | In and Out (all) | Higher with active | Out (DM) |
| (Philip et al. 2018a, b) | L-DLPFC | FL | Scalp measurement | None | ||||||
| 10Hz | ||||||||||
| Dunlop et al. (2015) | B-DMPFC | FL | Talairach Coordinates | None | ||||||
| Dunlop et al. (2016) | B-DMPFC | FL | Talairach Coordinates | None | ||||||
| Jansen et al. (2015) | L-DLPFC | FL | i-fMRI | Spacer | Ø | |||||
| Kang et al. (2016) | L-DLPFC | FL | Scalp measurement | Sham coil | Greater reduction with active | Out (O) | ||||
| Li et al. (2017) | L-DLPFC | FL | Scalp measurement | − | In | Sham coil | Ø | Greater decrease with active | Out (O) | |
| Salomons et al. (2014) | B-DMPFC | FL | Talairach Coordinates | None | ||||||
| Taylor et al. (2018) | L-DLPFC | FL | i-fMRI | None | Ø | |||||
| Tik et al. (2017) | L-DLPFC | FL | MNI coordinates | + | Out (VA, DM, O) | Control Site | Ø | |||
| Lee et al. (2018) | Ipsilesional M1 | SM | Hot Spot | Ø | None | |||||
| Liston et al. (2014) | L-DLPFC | VA | Scalp measurement | + | In and Out (DM) | None | ||||
| Brabenec et al. (2019) | R-pSTG | VA | Scalp measurement | + | Out (O) | Control site | Higher with active | Out (O, FL) | ||
| Schluter et al. (2018) | L-DLPFC | Left FPN | i-fMRI | − | Out (Salience Network) | Flipped coil | Ø | |||
| R-DLPFC | Right FPN | i-fMRI | + | Out (Salience Network) | Flipped coil | Ø | ||||
| Zhang et al. (2018) | L-DLPFC | Central Executive | Connectivity-based | + | In and Out (Anterior and Posterior DMN, Salience Network) | None | ||||
| 20Hz | ||||||||||
| Wang and Voss (2015) | L-lPC | DM | Connectivity-based | + | Out (V) | Low Intensity | − | In | Higher with active | Out |
| Baeken et al. (2014) | L-DLPFC | FL | MRI | Flipped coil | ||||||
| Song et al. (2019) | L-DLPFC | FL | MNI coordinates | Ø | Flipped coil | Ø | ||||
| Xue et al. (2017) | L-DLPFC | FL | MNI coordinates | + | Out (DM, L) | Flipped coil | Ø | Higher with active | Out (O) | |
| Liu et al. (2018) | L-M1 | SM | Unspecified | Ø iTBS | Flipped coil | Ø | ||||
| Baeken et al. (2017) | L-DLPFC | FL | MRI | Sham coil | ||||||
| Vidal-Pineiro et al. (2014) | L-IFG | FL | MNI coordinates | Ø | Sham coil | |||||
| Nettekoven et al. (2014) | L-M1 | SM | Hot Spot | + | In and Out (VA) | Flipped over control site | Higher with active | In & Out (SM,VA) | ||
| Volz et al. (2016) | Ipsilesional M1 | SM | Hot Spot | Ø | Flipped over control site | Ø | Ø | |||
| eQPS | ||||||||||
| Watanabe et al. (2014) | L-M1 | SM | Hot Spot | − | Out (DM, FL, L, V) | None | ||||