TABLE 3.

Chemotherapy and molecular‐targeted agents for the patients previously tread with thymic carcinoma

Authors	Agent	Study design	Target	n	Response Rate (DCR)	PFS (mo)	OS (mo)
Cytotoxic agents
Loehrer et al 29	Pemetrexed	Ph II	—	11	9.1%	2.9	9.8
Wakelee et al 30	Amrubicin	Ph II	—	19	10.5%	8.5	18.1
Palmieri et al 18	Capecitabine + gemcitabine	Ph II	—	8	37.5%	6	N/A
Tsukita et al 25	S‐1	Ph II	—	20	25%	5.4	22.7
Present study	S‐1	Ph II	—	26	30.8% (80.8%)	4.3	27.4
Molecular‐targeted agents
Thomas et al 12	Sunitinib	Ph II	c‐KIT, PDGFR	23	26% (65%)	7.2	Not reached
Zucali et al 13	Everolimus	Ph II	mTOR	12	25% (41%)	12.1 a	24.0 a
Rajan et al 22	Cixutumumab	Ph II	IGF‐1R	12	0%	1.7	8.4
Giaccone et al 31	Belinostat	Ph II	HDAC	16	0% (50%)	5.8	12.4
Besse et al 32	Milciclib (PHA‐848125AC)	Ph II	CDK, src family	26	4.2%	9.76	Not reached
Bedano et al 33	Erlotinib + bevacizumab	Ph II	EGFR, VEGF	7	0	N/A	N/A
Kurup et al 34	Gefitinib	Ph II	EGFR	7	0	N/A	N/A
Giaccone et al 35	Imatinib	Ph II	c‐KIT mutation	5	0	N/A	N/A
Loehrer et al 36	Octreotide + prednisone	Ph II	somatostatin receptor	6	0	4.5	23.4
Gubens et al 37	Saracatinib (AZD0530)	Ph II	src family	9	0	3.6	6.7
Itoh et al 26	Lenvatinib	Ph II	VEGFR, FGFR, RET, c‐Kit etc	42	38.1%	9.3	Not reached
Immune check point inhibitors
Cho et al 14	Pembrolizumab	Ph II	PD‐1	26	19.2% (73%)	6.1	N/A
Giaccone et al 15	Pembrolizumab	Ph II	PD‐1	40	22.5% (75%)	4.2	24.9
Katsuya et al 38	Nivolumab	Ph II	PD‐1	15	0% (73.3%)	3.8	N/A

Abbreviations: CDK, cyclin‐dependent kinase; DCR, disease control rate; epidermal growth factor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IGF‐1R, insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; n, number; OS, overall survival; PDGFR, platelet‐derived growth factor; PD‐L1, programmed death‐1; PFS, progression‐free survival; Ph II, phase II; Retrosp, retrospective; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

^aSurvival data include thymoma and thymic carcinoma.